Cat Evolution

The felids are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10–15 million years ago,[26] and include, in addition to the domestic cat, lions, tigers, cougars, and many others. Within this family, domestic cats (Felis catus) are part of the genus Felis, which is a group of small cats containing approximately seven species (depending upon classification scheme). [1][27] Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat (Felis chaus) of southeast Asia, European wildcat (F. silvestris silvestris), African wildcat (F. s. lybica), the Chinese mountain cat (F. bieti), and the Arabian sand cat (F. argarita), among others. [28] All the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that probably lived around 6–7 million years ago in Asia. [29] The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain,[30][31] e. g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes classified (under the name Felis silvestris bieti) as a subspecies of the wildcat, like an African variety F. S. lybica. [4][30] As domestic cats are little altered from wildcats, they can readily interbreed. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary, and possibly also the Iberian Peninsula. 32] The domestic cat was first classified as Felis catus by Carolus Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae in 1758. [1][3] However, because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are now usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, Felis silvestris. [1][4][33] This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, Felis silvestris catus. [1][4][33] Wildcats have also been referred to as various subspecies of F. catus,[33] but in 2003 the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as F. ilvestris. [34] The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains F. catus, followin g a convention for domesticated animals of using the earliest (the senior) synonym proposed. [34] Sometimes the domestic cat has been called Felis domesticus[35] or Felis domestica,[1] as proposed by German naturalist J. C. P. Erxleben in 1777, but these are not valid taxonomic names and have only rarely been used in scientific literature,[36] because Linnaeus's binomial takes precedence. [37] Cats have either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with humans.However, in comparison to dogs, cats have not undergone major changes during the domestication process, as the form and behavior of the domestic cat are not radically different from those of wildcats, and domestic cats are perfectly capable of surviving in the wild. [38][39] This limited evolution during domestication means that domestic cats tend to interbreed freely with wild relatives,[32] which distinguishes them from other domesticated animals. [citation needed] Fully domesticated house cats also often interbreed with fe ral F. atus populations. [25] However, several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have pre-adapted them for domestication as pets. [39] These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play, and relatively high intelligence;[40]:12–17 they may also have an inborn tendency towards tameness. [39] There are two main theories about how cats were domesticated. In one, people deliberately tamed cats in a process of artificial selection, as they were useful predators of vermin. 41] However, this has been criticized as implausible, because there may have been little reward for such an effort: Cats generally do not carry out commands and, although they do eat rodents, other species such as ferrets or terriers may be better at controlling these pests. [4] The alternative idea is that cats were simply tolerated by people and gradually diverged from their wild relatives through natural selection, as they adapted to hunting the vermin found around humans in towns and villages. [4]

Human Development Essay

Human development is marked by different stages and milestones over the lifespan. It is expressed over three domains: physical, cognitive and socio/emotional. While human physical and cognitive development is universal, socio/emotional definitions and development vary from culture to culture. The various stages of human development include the prenatal period, infancy, toddler hood, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. Each stage is marked by milestones in physical, cognitive, and socio/emotional development. The theorist that investigated about middle adulthood was Erik Erickson. Erikson observed that middle-age is when we tend to be occupied with creative and meaningful work and with issues surrounding our family. Also, middle adulthood is when we can expect to â€Å"be in charge,† the role we’ve longer envied. The significant task is to perpetuate culture and transmit values of the culture through the family and working to establish a stable environment. Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society, which Erikson calls generativity, so when individual in this stage they often fear inactivity and meaninglessness. As children leave home, or relationships or goals change, they may be faced with major life changes—the mid-life crisis—and struggle with finding new meanings and purposes. If adults do not n get through this stage successfully, they become self-absorbed and stagnate. The main features of midlife refer to the transformation and progress on physical, cognitive/intellect and social domains. Changes are also evident on expertise and personality. Physical change is the most gradual. Such changes include, atrophy of muscles, slower metabolism, skin elasticity and dryness, wrinkles, slow growth of nail and hair and baldness. These changes also facilitate the decrease in height, increase in weight and decrease in bone density, strength and immunity, vision and hearing and decrease in kidney function and cardiac output. The greatest lost in this domain since physical factors are the primary source of sensory and motor functioning. The changes in physical attributes are generally characterized by menopause in women and andropause in men. Menopause is when the body stops ovulating and producing estrogen and gradual decline in testosterone levels. These physical changes are emphasized of the double-standard of aging. Men become more distinguished and women become old. Cognitive changes has to do with the way humans perceive and experience the world and deals with issues like memory, thinking and decision-making processes and concept comprehension. During middle adulthood, humans are experts at problem solving, although they begin to experience some signs of decline with speed in processing and recall. The lost mainly focuses the ability to perform tasks unlike the agility that they could exert when they are much younger. Many are losing confidence on performing the same task because their IQ or memory won’t allow them to do so. Social changes are wherein the individuals became more aware of his being, his worth and his surrounding. They become more aware of their own mortality, the passing time and the seriousness of the physical decline. The gain is the opportunity to identify you with others and contribute time to the community. Social changes has to do with how an individual is able to handle emotions, relationships, social situations, and the various roles demanded of them by society. Some aspect of Socio/Emotional standards, such as social expectations, relationships, and roles vary from culture to culture. The implication of middle adulthood to social work practice basically refers to the familiarity of the social worker to the journey of the service-users towards reaching that stage of life. The social worker may find difficulty in dealing with them especially when he or she has no idea where his or her clients’ concerns and issues are coming from. Their assistance would be feasible if they can recognize the role that culture plays on the process of. Middle adulthood is met with the psychological and emotional challenges of facing the mid-life crisis, and a life analysis and inventory is taken. During this stage of lifespan, adults encounter changing roles that families face. Firstly in terms of career and work. Adults most often choose to go to college for work-related purposes. Many employers require workers to attain certain levels of education in order to qualify for promotions due to globalization. some adults may change career fearing the consequence of losing jobs while Others go to college to learn new skills in preparation for another career. Some, adults may also return to college simply for personal enrichment. â€Å"The role of work , whether one works in a full time career, part time job or as a homemaker, is central during middle adulthood†(Santrock,2009,p490). As adults reach their peak position in earning, they are saddled with multiple financial burdens including rent, mortgage, medical bills, and children tuition. These competing demands hinder the middle adulthood to further to career progress. They decide whether to change jobs or career, or rebalance family and work or plan for retirement. Having some knowledge about human lifespan development is beneficial for many reasons. It increases self-awareness and understanding, which helps with life planning. If a female is aware of the stages of her physical development, for example, she will know that her natural childbearing years are limited. If she wants to have children, she can use family planning to make choices about her education, career and mate to support this goal. Additionally, this knowledge can be helpful for improving relationships and interpersonal communication and resolving conflicts.

Internet Banking Essay

Therefore, since U. K. consumers have used to browsing and shopping online, there are factors that U. K. mobile carriers should pay attention. The factors are to find and collaborate with mobile commerce providers so that they can boost the M-Commerce traffic and thus, revenue. The potential of conducting mobile commerce in the U. K. also bases on the facts that the country has many mobile subscribers. According to International Telecommunication Union (2006), U. K. has 61 million of mobile customers as of January 2006. If 20% of the customers (15 million users) are active subscribers of M-commerce with average spending $100 per month. Therefore, the market for mobile commerce in the UK is $18 billion per year. The condition highlight that mobile commerce is attractive service that mobile service providers like Vodafone must develop by collaborating with merchants and content providers (cp) that build the mobile commerce applications. The development of m-commerce is also backed up by the recent development on 3G (third generation) mobile technology that gives opportunity for subscribers to have faster access to browse internet via mobile phones and conduct m-commerce transaction. British Telecom, for example, estimates that in 2002 they have about 150,000 customers of broadband services that is potential to be the active users of mobile commerce (Verdin, 2002) Recent progress and invention in mobile and wireless technologies has caused the shifting paradigm shift from desktop computers to mobile devices. Recently, it is usual to find consumers using their Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), smart phones, and notebooks that strengthen the facts that business has gone mobile so that the consumers can do all things over wireless gadgets the same with doing by desktop computer (Intel, 2004). The improvement in mobile devices capability also attracts customers to buy new phones and new customers segment that also target teenagers. This condition becomes issues for telecommunication companies and content providers to develop new killing applications besides voice communication that will increase the corporate revenue. The new application is data communication that comes in many forms. Concerning data communications, this paper has discussed several issues/challenges and opportunities in UK mobile telephone industry. To be specific, the point of discussion is about the development of mobile commerce (M-Commerce) that takes advantages of increasing number of mobile users and the development of computer technology. References American National Bank. (2001). Internet Banking Features & Benefits. Retrieved December 13, 2007 from http://www. americannationalbank. com/i_features. cfm Arthur D. Little Int. Gmbh. (2001). Key Success Factors for M-Commerce. Presentation for Berlecon Research

Telecommunications and Networking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Telecommunications and Networking - Article Example The rise of ICT and electronics brought tremendous advancement to communications technology which had grown from the ordinary Morse code, to simple telephony, and recently through visual telecommunication, and finally to the advent of wireless systems. The impact of this progress hastened the speed and the convenience of delivering and receiving valuable information with vividness and precision. Modern society has become so agile with the fast pace of life, businesses, and the need for mobile technologies has also increased. Developments cope with these needs and telecommunications became mobile with cellular pagers, cellular phones, and recently with mobile videophones. Surely telecommunications is accessible wherever you are in the world. If this technology did exist during WWII, Pearl Harbor tragedy could not have happened. The pace of development along the field of ICT and telecommunication seems so fast that new technologies emerged and changes in monthly basis. Ideas keep coming out every single day and before you know it, what is in today is pass' by the end of the semester. Take for example the emergence of wireless communication technologies. Before we know it the once popular analog mobile phones has gone so far to integrate computing and mobile internet access in just a span of three generations. That is a lot of time if you think of it but to appreciate the progress its better understood in terms of what had changed so far since the first cellular communication device was introduced. We can even trace back our discussion of the history of wireless communications from 0G or Zero generations when telephone systems was still operator assisted with very limited channels. But we have to begin our exploration from First generation (1G) to third generations (3G) of modern mobile communications, a gro wing family of wireless technology. The First Generation (1G) "The big boom in mobile phone service really began with the introduction of analog cellular service called AMPS (Analog Mobile Phone Service)" (Shepler, 2005). The first generation technologies of wireless communications are analog cellular phones. Based on record the 1G era covers the 1980s. The first mobile phone systems, called as "cellular mobile radio telephone" used analog radio signals which are transmitted via a less developed networks of repeaters such as those used by amateur radio operators.. Analog signals are continuous electrical signals that vary in time and variations follow that of the original non-electric signal to make them analogous hence the name analog (Net Tel Information Center, 2004). In analog technologies, the voice signals are transmitted via a base carrier in a form of an alternating current which frequency is changed and varied to match the original signal, amplified, then transmitted via the networks. This system is still used in some landline telephon es and radio broadcasts today. Among the first 1G systems introduced was in 1979, with Japan's Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland's Nordic Mobile Telephone (MBT) system launched in 1981, and the Total Access Communication System (TACS), deployed in the United Kingdom in 1983 (Britannica Online, 2008). The Second Generation (2G) The birth of digital

Leadership theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Leadership theories - Research Paper Example Leadership is ever green immortal and probably the most talked about topic. Perhaps the reason of its immortality is its relevance to our lives not only professional or business but personal and social life as well.It will not be an overstatement to say that leadership is that life-enriching and vital experiences which is crucial for our existence. Its scope is very vast which cannot be restricted to a single task, job, role or a certain organizational level. In this paper I will discuss in detail what is leadership? Different accepted styles of leadership, theories of leadership their merits and demerits and what was the need for the new theory to evaluate. It will basically be a comparative study of the two theories of leadership. What is leadership? Leadership is very vital and its importance is widely accepted. In order to understand fully different theories of leadership we first need to have a clear picture of what leadership is all about. It may sound simple but in fact leader ship is a very complex and complicated social process which depends not only the ways of thinking, vision, creativity, knowledge, skills characteristics and values of the leader but also the followers. Leadership is not all about aura and charisma of a person but a good leader is one who can see the clear picture of the present understands it’s various aspects and through his vision can guide its followers to the bright future. Good leadership (V.Gallos, 2008)is emotional; it compels drives and motivates you to achieve something. It is a continuous process of building and maintaining the relationship between the follower and the leader. In its spirit it is multidimensional which encompasses different skills, vision, process, map, issues, organization levels, cultures, policies, practices and issues. A good leader has to pass the test of time banking on the strengths and minimizing weaknesses while materializing the opportunities and avoiding the threats in the environment wit hout overreliance on any single person or process. Leadership Theories In the twentieth century theories about leadership started to evolve. Classical theories of leadership were based on traits of the leaders such remained the case for about thirty years and then it evolved to behavioral theory of leadership. There are basically six types of theories of leadership. Trait based leadership Contingency leadership Behavioral leadership Participative leadership Transactional leadership Transformational leadership All these theories concentrate only on the leader and do not take into account followers. It was observed that all these theories actually led to a prototypical leader. All the leaders were supposed to have a typical defined set of qualities, characteristics and a set of accepted and laudable behavior. This stereo type leader was a male white. These theories ignored diversity both in the gender and racial sense. According to different studies conducted these leadership theories had many biases. This will be discussed in detail below. Leader Categorization First of all we have to determine what we exactly mean by leader Categorization. Leader categorization theory (George R. Geothals, 2006) says that there are widely accepted and shared beliefs and perceptions about leaders their traits their behavior. Followers have specific and fixed views about general and specific task based upon preconceived ideas and notions about how a leader should be. It includes personal traits such as openness, active, initiator, visionary, focused, determined, interested,

Place, Promotion and Price Strategies ZTE Computer Tablet Market Entry Research Paper

Place, Promotion and Price Strategies ZTE Computer Tablet Market Entry in the US - Research Paper Example â€Å"According to leaked screenshots leaked by an Amazon source of its internal inventory management system Alaska, and published by Cult of Android, the Kindle Fire is on its way to outselling even the Apple iPad† (Barbara, 2011). Kindle Fire’s Tablet recent robust performance in the market is a positive development in marketing computer tablet in the US because it demonstrates that Apple’s Ipad is not invincible to the competition as initially perceived. This is an encouraging development for ZTE because it manifests that given with a right product and strategy mix, it is possible that ZTE can outsold Apple’s Ipad. This development tells that ZTE’s aggressive marketing objective in 2015 is realistic and doable. ZTE is not new in the U.S. market. It currently sells smartphones, feature phones, modems and devices within the U. S. market and has worked with U.S. carriers like AT&T Inc., Verizon Wireless, Sprint Nextel Corp. and T-Mobile USA (Khariff, 2011). In terms of brand recall, ZTE is no longer a stranger to American consumers. Such that when it introduces its tablet computers in the American market, it already has brand awareness where it can capitalize to gain more market share. ZTE Corporation is the second largest manufacturer of mobile phone gear in China. Being such, it has the advantage of scale to be able to sell its products at a lower cost. In contrast, Apple Inc is only the fourth selling computer brand in its own domestic market (America) dominating only the computer tablet market segment. This leading position is even currently threatened by Amazon’s Kindle Fire Tablet’s recent robust sales performance. ZTE also had a successful launch of its tablet outside the U.S., offering global tablet markets Google Android based tablets, like the one used in the Kindle Fire and Samsung Galaxy Tablet (Khariff, 2011). Considering these factors in competition, the possibility that ZTE’s inexpensive product offerings will establish them as the tablet PC market share leader by 2015 as predicted by TechGadgetWeb.com (2011). ZTE however has to employ the right marketing mix to successfully penetrate the US market and become a market share leader by 2015. To be able to employ the right marketing mix, it is necessary to elaborate the aspects of marketing mix which are; Table I Place Distribution and retail channels, online presence, geographic considerations, public appearances and performances (also an aspect of promotion), and delivery Promotion Marketing materials, initial offerings, social media /internet, press and PR, advertising, relationship marketing and public appearances and performances Price Market penetration goals, competition, customer buying power, regional and segment differences, current economic conditions (Source: www.businessmate.org) Place For ZTE to successfully enter the US market, ZTE has to capitalize on its existing marketing channels. Currently, it has a partnership with five majore carriers in the US that includes Verizon, the dominant US mobile phone carrier. Capitalizing on the existing network of this mobile phone carriers provides ZTE an easy penetration in US the market. The major carriers in the US has an established marketing network that makes it ideal for a new entrant like ZTE as a place of distribution for its products. ZTE’s exposure to Verizon and other mobile phone carr

The Evolving Role of Government in Education Essay - 2

The Evolving Role of Government in Education - Essay Example On the other hand, the federal government also grants the public schools’s funding; the government has a number of federal agencies, along with organizations, which are helpful in benefiting children educational necessities so as to effect their success (Sandars, 2000). In the past 2 centuries, momentous federal support of education existed, although slowly, but and steadily, while, at the same time, the increasing federal commitment to education regarding monies and policies turns to be impressive. The NCLB changes the role of the federal government within elementary, as well as secondary education by necessitating for the states, together with schools in measuring success in regards to student performance. Conversely, the federal government is also responsible for the provision of grants and scholarships to those people who are going through college or university pursuing higher education. Consequently, the NCLB also tends to be beneficial to children with a disability, since they have the similar rights and opportunities compared to other children who are not disabled of attending any school that is public, college or even university thereby enhancing their knowledge, while, at the same time, becoming successful individual (Fred & Allan, 2011). In the recent past, there was the consolidation movement whose intention was to eliminate school boards that were small, as well as rurally dominated. Although this was a perception that this was the beginning of the end, there are a number of people who perceive these efforts as education efficiency. Conversely, others view it as luck of the draw, with students, regardless of their background, tend to take an active role concerning their education, thereby getting what they desire from it (Sandars, 2000). However, the next significant move in education happens to be Board of Education vs. Brown during 1954 whereby this ruling reversed the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling that founded the separate but

On The Box Assessment 2011 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

On The Box Assessment 2011 - Essay Example The American Airlines Advert of â€Å"James Gandolfini on New Yorkers† has described a big picture of how busy the lives of New Yorkers. The imageries tell the viewers that New York has busy activities inside and it seems that New York is a never ending city. When you look up to the beeping taxi, it reflects how demanding the New Yorkers are. Based on my views, the advert also draws the condition of how New Yorkers want perfection in every single aspect of their lives; but the perfection they want is not always supported by comfortable situation that can make them happy. As the conclusion of the advert imagery, The American Airlines gives solution to what has been faced by the New Yorkers regarding their demand of perfection. What really makes this advert having representative imagery mostly because of the real circumstances shown; like the yellow taxi, New York City view from the landscape, and citizens` activity. Even someone who has not visited New York could feel as if he is in the city; the feeling is particularly represented by the use of black limo and yellow taxi which actually gives picture of night and day life in New York City. If imagery influences viewers to their visual assumption, advert might also need music as a part of the purpose delivered. Music is an art form whose medium is sound which has pitch that governs melody and harmony, rhythm that its associated concepts are tempo, meter, and articulation, dynamic, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture (â€Å"music† on wikipedia.org). Analyzing the intro music on this American Airlines advert, personally I feel like entering a cozy dining place; it seems that as a customer I am treated well and be welcomed as a very important person. The music sounded for this advert is rather classical one and it releases viewers from stress feeling. It has emphasized an impact to busy lifestyle by sounding classical piano on the advert. Even though in the middle of this advert there are sou nds of distraction - like when the driver yells to someone outside the car – but this advert concludes nicely at the end. As I imagine, the music used on this advert can be said like an egg; wrap well, but it is fragile and ready to pop out anytime. The cover of the egg is the intro and the end of the music played, while the content of the egg is the terrible disturbance during the middle part of the advert. Based on this analysis, it gives a philosophy drawn for the American Airlines that their service cannot be cracked easily if they keep the good work and give the best pleasure to the passengers. The American Airlines strongly make the egg on its position in comfortable refrigerator. To sum up, its music on this advert convinces the passengers not to be worried at all using their services. Imagery and music are two important parts for an advert to be published, but to convince the viewers more, language style is needed to be designed well too. For an understanding, languag e may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication; in which the approximate of 3000-6000 languages are spoken by humans today (â€Å"language† on wikipedia.org). Communication is a very basic importance for people to reach understanding and agreement; without communication, every single aspect in this life would

The primary purpose of NQT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The primary purpose of NQT - Essay Example As per govt. regulation in UK the teachers undergoing this induction period have some protections and have some relaxations such as curriculum coordination and are not have to provide the exceptional on job behaviour. A relaxation of around 10% is available for grooming the professional skills. But on the other side there are some strict rules for the candidates who fail to go through as they can never have permission to teach again in the state owned school. I have start my career as a gardener and has to maintain the grounds, football pitches, threes, and flower beds in the school, there I got the opportunity to taught as a part time teacher. The department of design and technology offered me a full time job after some time. There I have show my commitment and adopt this as a career, although my previous experience is in different fields which can be observed from my resume. This is applicable on my previous experiences and knowledge, I have been got in previous worked areas, may have an inherent value that could maximize an existing experience or future endeavour. Possibly, Hillier is also telling that we have to revisit our prior experiences/knowledge to exemplify we have started our journey by taking the first important step. 'Maximizing an experience' is, therefore, a progressive and reflective task that can be used to plan further development. I've got an advice form a young teacher form her observation during my NQT year. 'I feel that you are using all your experience in your present job and I'm sure that this benefits your students enormously'. This prompted a journal entry reflecting on prior experiences: 'just the start I didn't need, Maybe I'm not starting from zero after all, but it certainly feels like it today. I am, however, going to have to prioritize my time; all those other jobs and interests are going to have to wait. It might help if I knew what I know, perhaps I am maximizing my own experience and not that of my learners, perhaps now I need to think more of my learners experiences and not my own'. (Extract from Personal Journal entry; September 30, 2008) Empirical research observing the impact of in induction year showed the huge success of the policy, and it is believed that this process as expedite the progress of new teachers and giving them the opportunity to gain the knowledge and helps to got the skills more quickly then before. The experience of NQT can be considered to be positive correlation among enjoyment of induction year and whether key elements of induction period. There is also a thought prevailing that NQTs are unhappy because they are not getting entitlement, however, the reason for this thought prevailing is the lack of proper guidance and support form mentors. It has been complained that induction tutor are not giving enough time and playing their effective role. In the NQT duration the participation of the candidate toward the pupils and the mentor is monitored and ranked. Candidate has to understand the requirement of the students to the best of his/her abilities according to the situation and have to find best possible solution in the

RCP 1 End of Chapter 1 H.W Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

RCP 1 End of Chapter 1 H.W - Assignment Example The company’s network comprises of the basic information security measurements; the C.I.A triangle. This is another assumption because all network security companies rely on this triangle as fundamentals of their business. Confidentiality, integrity and availability are the prime reasons why clients trust backup companies like Data Mart with their confidential information. An example of how Data Mart protects its data from untrusted network is shown in this diagram; The main asset category at Data Mart falls under intellectual assets, be it their staff or the company information they store in their 200 rack mounted servers. The assumptions are that the company has a simple setup of a typical backup protection company that offers additional services of data analysis. Here is a brief list of organization’s assets; Data Mart faces all those threats that can damage its data or somehow compromise its integrity that the customers trust it with. Network connections create the possibility of spilling problems due to an exogenous or endogenous attack that depends on the profile of security investments (Acemoglu, Malekian, & Ozdaglar, 2013).   Here are some specific threats that Data Mart faces; Bypassing the access controls is one of the favorite attacks. Making educated guesses about passwords or trying every possible combination of numbers and letters makes them finally guess the right password. In a denial-of-service (DoS) attack, the assailant sends a number of requests to the target. So, numerous requests are made that the system cannot appendage them. The system can crash or it may just be unable to accomplish different functions. In Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) the attacker(s) launches an integrated number of requests against an entity from numerous locations simultaneously. These threats include Trojan horses, viruses, worms, active web scripts etc. meant to destroy of steal

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning Essay - 1

Characteristics of Personal Mastery and Effective Team Learning - Essay Example As the paper stresses learning organizations help all people to continuously expand their capacities to create results that they truly desire, and new and extensive ways of thinking are nourished, facilitates collective aspirations and constant learning to learn together. Thus, contemporary management believes that organizational learning is a multidimensional process, and is not possible through traditional one-way thinking. Personal mastery and team learning are two competencies that help employees to improve their awareness and realization of management tasks and decision making. This awareness and learning will further help managers to maximize the potential of their employees; to achieve optimum results; encourage employees to think creatively and analyse situations from different perspectives. From the report it is clear that the concept of personal mastery involves cultivation of personal impetus to continually learn how actions affect an individual’s external and internal world. Without an attempt to gain personal mastery, individuals will never realize the root cause of issues and problems that do not seem to have any solution; individuals tend to view these issues and problems as highly complex and intertwined and impossible to understand or resolve. Learning is the fundamental ground to personal mastery, which should eventually and continually lead to re-creating oneself. A continuous process of learning helps individuals to bring about a paradigm shift in their thinking and approach, and help in achieving goals that once seemed unachievable.

Social Movements Essay Example for Free

Social Movements Essay It appears that as the civil rights movement was developing in the 1960s other minority groups were joining the cause. The American Indians were one of these groups. One specific account of this movement was captured by an article in the New York Times. An American Indian woman living in New York started pushing for the responsible use of traditional Indian customs. She started to organize and promote these traditional customs in an effort to bring the American Indians together. At the heart of her movement she promoted the building of a central facility where American Indians could meet and further organize (J. K, 1968). Another significant event was taken place during this period that directly related to the civil rights movement. A testament to the contributions of the American Indians was being recognized at the American Museum. A special dedication was established to show the traditions and early beginnings of the American Indians. This dedication was just another example of the changing times and the new appreciation for other cultures. Along with the new exhibit, American Indians were beginning to find their way into mainstream society. Their unique styles and practices had become well known in the culture and were seen in many fashion statements (New York Times, 1966). While the identity of the American Indian may have seen resurgence during this time there were also many elements of prejudice still seen in mainstream media. Indians being portrayed as drunkards and always in need of white assistance was common in some popular shows. These stereotypes only amplified the issues American Indians were having in establishing themselves as a significant part of American culture. Issues with stereotypes and how minority groups were being portrayed in the media had been previously established in the civil rights movement but they only represented African Americans and Puerto Ricans. The move to include the American Indian population only reestablishes how necessary the civil rights movement was (R.E., 1968). References By, J. K. (1968, Sep 18). The american indian: Part of city, and yet . . New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/118351072?accountid=35812 New indian hall opens at american museum. (1966, May 24). New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/117044919?accountid=35812 By, R. E. (1968, Mar 22). American indian group accuses several media of discrimination. New York Times (1923-Current File). Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/118214039?accountid=35812

Company overview and market analysis for pepsico

Company overview and market analysis for pepsico PepsiCo Inc. is the worlds second largest soft drink brand and the worlds largest potato chips manufacturer. In this report, we will be analysing PepsiCo Inc.s marketing strategies with regards to its North American market. Where absolutely required, PepsiCos international efforts are mentioned as well as some past advertising feats. I will, however, try to cover as much of PepsiCos recent strategies as possible. Relevant references are cited at the end of the report, following with a number of images in the Appendix. Company Profile: In New Bern, North Carolina, USA, Caleb Bradham created a fountain drink, which contained digestive enzymes pepsin and kola nuts. This was then known as Brads drink. Subsequently, it was renamed and marketed as Pepsi-Cola (Soda Museum 2010). The Pepsi-Cola Company, in 1965, merged with Frito-Lay Inc., to become PepsiCo Inc. Pepsi is PepsiCo Inc.s flagship product and signature drink (PepsiCo Inc. 2010). Advertising efforts in the early years of Pepsi-Cola mainly presented itself as a bargain brand compared to rival Coca-Cola. However, since the later part of the 20th Century, PepsiCos marketing strategy is focused towards the young people with taglines such Choice of a New Generation being the spotlight. Macro Environment: Political: PepsiCo Inc. is a multinational company. As such, it is exposed to different political environments. In 2006, The Centre of Science and Environment (CSE) based in India found that soda drinks including Pepsi-Cola had high pesticide content. Following this, the state of Kerala banned the sale and production of Pepsi-Cola, along with other soft-drinks. However, this decision was later reversed by the Kerala High Court. Five other Indian states have partial ban on soft-drinks (BBC 2006 The Hindu 2006). As part of a major public health initiative in the US, sugar-sweetened drinks and syrups would be levied a new tax called the soda tax (Reuters 2010). Economic: The financial crisis of 2008-2009 has had its effects on the soft drinks sector. During this period, the soft drinks industry lost over $55 billion (Beverage Digest 2009). Also, the packaged food industry reduced spending on non-essential food items such as snacks. Being a multinational corporation, PepsiCo has to take into account the fluctuations in foreign currency rates. The financial crisis caused the Mexican peso, British pound, the Euro and the Russian ruble to depreciate. As such, PepsiCos net revenue growth was reduced by 5% (Annual Report 2010) In the US, interest rates have been abysmally low between zero and 0.25% since December 2008 thereby allowing companies such as PepsiCo to make use of low borrowing rates to invest in operations and new product development (Murchie 2010). Likewise, in the UK, The Bank of England has maintained an all-time low interest rate of 0.5% (BBC 2010). Social: There is a new demand for healthy foods and beverages. As a result, PepsiCo is increasingly investing in developing healthier options to its beverages as well as promoting Heath Foods (Annual Report 2010). In the recent years, PepsiCo has launched Diet Pepsi, Diet Pepsi Max, Caffeine Free Pepsi, Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Natural and Pepsi One as variants of Pepsi-Cola. PepsiCo has also added a new line of products such as Aquafina Alive, Propel Health Water, Sobe Life Water, Dole Single Serve Juices and many more to meet this growing demand (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo has developed a Blue Ribbon Advisory Board, made up of leading health and wellness experts and third-party advisors from across the globe in order to help the corporation face these newly strengthened consumer demands. Furthermore, PepsiCo has recently worked alongside the Clinton Foundation, American Heart Association, and the North American beverage industry in order to set policies regarding placement of the correct products in the correct areas. Technological: PepsiCo Inc. relies heavily on technology to carry on its different operations and perform efficiently. Their technologically advanced distribution system, Direct Store Delivery (DSD), allows them to supply distributors and retailers with fresh stock efficiently (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo also has an extremely sound information technology infrastructure. To build and maintain an efficient IT infrastructure is a key asset to the corporations operations and helps improve the communication flow within their massive corporate framework. It also helps them improve the effectiveness of their operations and maintain financial accuracy. Micro Environment: Competitive Analysis: The carbonated beverages industry is highly competitive. The companies have to compete against global, regional and local manufactures on various factors including price, quantity, variety and distribution. The prime competitor of PepsiCo Americas Beverages is The Coca-Cola Company. In terms of carbonated soft drinks (CSD) consumption, Coca-Cola has a larger market share in the US as well as in many markets outside North America. Also, in Interbrands Best Global Brands list, Coca-Cola is ranked number 1, while Pepsi is listed much lower at number 23 (Interbrand 2009). However, PepsiCos snack brands hold significant leadership in the snack industry worldwide, with Pepsi commanding 28% of global sales. PepsiCo Inc. also faces stiff competition from other beverage companies like Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Nestle Corporation and Danone as well as other food companies such as Kraft Foods and Unilever. Segmentation, Target and Positioning: Market Segmentation: Geo-demographic: A multinational corporation has to take additional factors such as geo-demography into consideration. Trends affecting the US might not have an effect on countries such as Japan or Russia. Also, particular ads and marketing strategies are interpreted differently in different countries due to the difference in language and culture. For this reason, PepsiCo Inc. has adapted to the culture, tastes and language of the countries in which they do business. For example, in July 2009, Pepsi started marketing itself as Pecsi in Argentina after reports that its name was incorrectly pronounced by around 25% of the population (AdAge.com 2009). Psycho-graphic segmentation: PepsiCo has different products to suit different needs. It has segmented its beverage department to cope for different psycho-graphic variables such as activities, interests and opinions. For the health-conscious, Pepsi has products such as Diet Pepsi and Diet Caffeine Free Pepsi, while for those engaged in sports, Pepsi has its highly successful Gatorade range of isotonic drinks (PepsiCo 2010). For naturalists, Pepsi has products such as Pepsi Natural and Aquafina Alive. Products such as Pepsi and Pepsi Max are available for the mass market. Target Markets: The primary target group of PepsiCo for its Pepsi line of products are people in the age group of 13-34. It also targets people that are athletes and overweight (PepsiCo 2010). Pepsi has a distinctive style of portraying times in their ad campaigns. Their Generation Next campaign suggested that Pepsi is not just a drink for the next generation but that its drinkers are a generation ahead of their counterparts (PepsiCo 2009). Pepsi has products that target the different cultural and regional aspects of a particular country. It has products such as Nimbooz by 7UP in India where it targets the huge demand for country-style lemon drinks (PepsiCo India 2009). While in Mexico, it has Manzanita Sol, an apple-flavoured beverage. Apple is Mexicos second most popular soft drink flavour and Manzanita Sol means little apple sun in Spanish (Bevnet.com 2005). Positioning: Pepsi has positioned its products strategically against those of The Coca-Cola Company. Although Pepsi is second to Coca-Cola as a recognisable soft drink brand, it leads the markets of non-carbonated beverages and potato chips (Frito Lay). Since the acquisition of Tropicana and Gatorade and manufacturing its own brand of bottled water, Pepsi has earned the number one spot as non-alcoholic beverage company in North America. Pepsi is now heavily inclined to developing healthy food alternatives. This has positioned them strategically in a niche market that is growing fast. Marketing Mix: Product: PepsiCo Inc. has four main divisions that manufacture, market and sell a variety of products including snacks and beverages. These divisions are: (PepsiCo 2010) PepsiCo Americas Beverages (PAB) Frito-Lay North America (FLNA) Quaker Foods North America (QFNA) PepsiCo International (PI) PAB sells concentrates and syrups to Pepsi bottlers as well as directly sells finished goods to distributors and retailers. PAB brands include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Tropicana Fruit Juices, Gatorade isotonic sports beverage, Lipton tea, Sierra Mist, Dole and SoBe (PepsiCo 2010). PAB also has a joint venture with Unilever and Starbucks through which it sells ready to drink tea, coffee and water products. Additional, PAB also licenses and markets the Aquafina brand of bottled water (PepsiCo 2010). FLNA manufactures snack foods which include brands such as Lays potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Tostitos tortilla chips, Cheetos cheese flavoured snacks, Fritos corn chips, Ruffles potato chips, SunChips and Smart Food (PepsiCo 2010). QFNA manufactures cereals, rice pasta and other branded products such as Life cereal, Pasta Roni, Aunt Jemima mixes and syrups and Quaker Oats (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo International manages the international operations of PAB, FLNA and QFNA. PepsiCo International licenses and markets PepsiCos brands in international markets. It also markets some region-specific brands including, but not limited to, Walkers potato chips, Mirinda, 7UP, Gamesa, Sabritas and Copella apple juices (PepsiCo 2010). PepsiCo Inc.s reputation and popularity gives the company the confidence to introduce new products. Their success depends on product innovation and the effectiveness of their advertising and marketing strategies. Place: Pepsi-Cola is available at almost everywhere. Pepsi has exclusive resale rights with fast food chains such as Pizza Hut, KFC and Taco Bell. It also exclusively sells its products at many supermarkets and malls. Pepsis products are also available at the leading departmental stores, gas stations and retailers. Pepsis vending machines are available at many office complexes and universities. Pepsi is also available at the White House (please check IC account for reference TIME Magazine). Due to its Direct Store Delivery system, Pepsi can get its products in these places and can maintain supply to a sustainable level. FLNA and QFNA products are available in all the leading supermarkets and retailers. Promotion: Pepsi-Cola has a strong promotion strategy. They use different marketing communication strategies which include print ads, television ads and billboards, point-of-sale as well as the Internet. PepsiCos marketing strategies include both push and pull promotions. However, their pull promotion strategies are more widely spread. Push Strategies: PepsiCo has several exclusive tie-ups with many fast food chains, supermarkets and malls. PepsiCo also has Point-of-Sale (POS) agreements with leading departmental stores and retailers. PepsiCo also provides incentives to distributors and retailers if they meet or exceed the sales target. Pull Strategies: Throughout its history, The Pepsi-Cola Company has been known to create one of the finest ads. Since it became PepsiCo Inc., Pepsi has focused most of its marketing communication towards the young generation (PepsiCo). Pepsi is well-known for its Generation Next ad campaign as well as some catchy taglines such as the classic Pepsi. Choice of a New Generation sung by Michael Jackson to the recent Refresh Everything and Every Pepsi Refreshes the World. Pepsi is also known to constantly rebrand itself to boost its reputation and trust as a company that keeps up with changing time. In 2009, Pepsi launched a new logo and rebranded most of its products in North America (Reuters 2008). One of the main advertising platforms over the years for Pepsi has been the Super Bowl, the National Football League championship game. Pepsi beverages have been advertising in the Super Bowl since 1987. However, in 2010, Pepsi opted out of advertising on this platform focusing its marketing efforts on the internet instead, ending a 23-year run. Frito Lay, however, continued to advertise in the Super Bowl (NBC News Associated Press 2009). In 2010, Pepsi announced that it would again start advertising in the Super Bowl (Reuters 2010). On an average, advertising on the Super Bowl cost Pepsi $3 million for 30 seconds of airtime in 2009. (NBC News Associated Press 2009). Pepsi is known to get its products endorsed by celebrities, some of which have been hugely popular with the people. Pepsis endorsement deal with Michael Jackson was perhaps one of the most expensive and popular deals of its time (Reuters 2009). However, since its overhaul in 2009, Pepsi has been including local people or amateurs in its ads to create a sense of connection with its consumers. For example, for the 2011 Super Bowl, PepsiCo has launched a competition wherein it is giving people a chance to make six 30-second ads for its Doritos chips and Pepsi Max with the winner receiving up to $5million for the best ads (Reuters 2010). Pepsi also has a huge presence on the Internet. In 2008, Google/YouTube teamed up with Embassy Row, a production company run by the creator of Who Wants to be a Millionaire, Michael Davies and Pepsi, to launch a new online video series called the PopTub. This daily show deals with pop culture, internet viral videos and celebrity gossip. PopTub is updated daily by Pepsi (Reuters 2008). PopTub and YouTube provide Pepsi a big online advertising platform. Pepsi even has its own YouTube Channel (YouTube 2010). Social networking is becoming an important aspect of peoples lives. As such, Pepsi has not left this area uncovered. PepsiCo and its subdivisions are present on Facebook and Twitter social networking sites. PepsiCo frequently updates its account on these websites, using them for marketing purposes, announcing new products and offers as well as general gossip (Facebook 2010 Twitter 2010 PepsiCo 2010). Pepsi Refresh Project is a new campaign launched by PepsiCo Inc. in 2009 and will run over the course of 2010 to freshen up the image of its flagship drink, Pepsi. The project invites people to submit their ideas on how to refresh their communities. PepsiCo has promised to give at least $20 million to fund these projects. This new campaign will be used by Pepsi to market its flagship as well as Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max. This campaign will have a huge social media presence as people would be required to go online to submit their ideas as well as vote on winners (NBC News Associated Press 2009). Recommendation: PepsiCo Inc., as a multinational organisation, strives to be the worlds premier consumer food products company. In order to remain competitive, PepsiCo and its subdivisions need to be aware of the changing trends of the marketplace. PepsiCo needs to keep innovating and investing in healthier food options. The Carbonated Soft Drinks (CSD) market is continually declining. In 2008, the US CSD market share declined by 3% (Beverage Digest 2009). Keeping such trends in mind, Pepsi should launched healthier variants of their carbonated beverages and gradually move towards the increasingly more popular non-carbonated beverage sector, such as fruit juices and bottled water. PepsiCo needs to revise its marketing strategy to include the not-so-young group of people in its communication as these people are often left out from its marketing material. Also, by constantly monitoring current and potential customers, as well as reviewing the success of their marketing strategies, PepsiCo would be in a better position to identify changing market trends and develop better products for their target markets. The company, in 2007, had announced a major purchase of renewable energy sources which would help it in reducing its electricity costs as well as help improve its environmental footprint (NBC News Associated Press 2010). PepsiCo needs to keep investing in green resources as this would bring financial benefits in the long term as well as increase its reputation as a Green Company.

Background And Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay

Background And Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay Schizophrenia is a severe chronic psychotic disorder associated with the brain and is characterised by symptoms classified into three major categories; positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Negative symptoms consist of social withdrawal and flattening of emotional responses. In addition to this, deficits in cognitive function such as attention and memory are also often present in schizophrenic patients together with anxiety and depression. (Rang, 2007); (Lewis J A Lieberman 2000) Studies have shown several neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, glutamate and dopamine to be involved in processes leading to the expression of the symptoms experienced in schizophrenia. Among these, the dopamine theory has received the most attention and it will be the focal point of this research. Serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter, has its place in explaining schizophrenia by trying to explain the elements of the disorder which were initially unexplained. This consisted of the negative symptoms and the actions of antipsychotics. Its role was recognised in the 1950s when it was discovered how similar serotonin was to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). LSD causes psychotic symptoms as it competes with serotonin and occupies its receptor sites. Atypical antipsychotics as well as blocking dopamine receptors, also act as 5-HT receptor antagonists. This hypothesis was confirmed when typical antipsychotics were combined with a 5-HT2 antagonist such as ritanserin. This resulted in relief of negative symptoms and extrapyramidal side effects. (Sadock, 2000) Glutamate has also been implicated in schizophrenia. This hypothesis is derived from evidence using PCP, a glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist. Administration produces psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in healthy subjects (Krystal et al. 1994) and negative cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. (Lahti et al. 1995) Phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine, also glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists, provide psychotic symptoms in humans. Studies have also shown that there is reduction in glutamate receptor density and glutamate concentration in post-mortem brains of schizophrenic patients. (Rang 2007) The most common theory relating to schizophrenia is the dopamine one. The first formulation of the dopamine hypothesis suggests that excess mesolimbic dopamine is the reason for the positive symptoms. The evidence that this idea was based on included amphetamine abuse which increased synaptic dopamine leading to delusions (Laruelle et al. 1996) and that all antipsychotic drugs block dopamine D2 receptors. As this theory implied excess dopamine is responsible for positive symptoms, what is responsible for the negative and cognitive symptoms? Well, research has shown that negative and cognitive symptoms are the result of deficient dopamine in the pre fontal cortex due to D1 receptor dysfunction (K. L. Davis et al. 1991) There have been operational definitions of schizophrenia developed in an attempt the reliability of the diagnosis; The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical method (DSM-IV-TR) and both contain lists of criteria but also insist that symptoms must have persisted for 6 months. PICTURE Schizophrenia usually presents itself in late adolescence or in early adult life (Kirkbride et al. 2006) with males having an earlier onset than females. In the UK, the mean age of first admission is about 22 years for men and 27 years for women. (Castle R M Murray 1991)Females also tend to have fewer negative symptoms and a better outcome than males. According to leading experts in this disorder, they have found that it is caused my many factors. One major factor is genetics, and schizophrenia occurs in 10% of people who have parents, brother or sister (first degree relatives) with the disorder. People who have grandparents, cousins or aunts and uncles (second degree relatives) also develop this disorder a lot more than the general public. (Kendler et al. 1993) Most importantly, the risk is at its greatest for a person who has a twin with schizophrenia. (Irving Gottesman 1991) PICTURE Several genes are related with the risk of schizophrenia but previously it was believed there is no particular gene that is responsible for the disease itself. Studies have shown that people with schizophrenia also have many rare gene mutations which involve many genes and disrupt the development of the brain. However in recent times, new research has shown there may be several susceptible genes. One such gene is DISC1 which could be linked to the development and treatment of schizophrenia. DISC1 plays a key role in the growth of individual neurons. Mutated Disrupted in Schizophrenia (DISC1) gene is seen to disrupt the growth and development of cells in the brain. When DISC1 levels were reduced in mice, cells in the brain failed to divide and the mice developed symptoms that mimicked schizophrenia in humans. (REFERENCE IMPORTANT ONE) Other than genes, environmental factors are probably important in the development of schizophrenia. These include exposure to infections, immunocompromised, stress and being in contact with toxic chemicals during childhood may slightly alter brain development. (Marcel ET AL REFERENCE 1999) Chlorpromazine was the first drug discovered to have antipsychotic properties, followed by haloperidol which was widely prescribed. This is an example of typical first generation medications and produced D2 receptor blockade. By 1980, second generation atypical drugs were out, most notably clozapine which was seen to be more potent in treating chronic patients. These had the benefits of also reducing negative symptoms and extreme side effects. Pharmaceutical companies in the 1990s started to take advantage of clozapine and develop drugs without its side effects and olanzapine is another popular atypical drug. In 2005, there was a study done known as the CATIE study, in the USA, comparing the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in clinical settings. It was seen that there were high rates of discontinuation; 64-82% over 18 months, due to patients not being able to tolerate side effects. Lack of efficacy was also found for all antipsychotic drugs in the study, although olanzapine was most effective (terms of discontinuation rates) than other drugs in the study. Despite this, olanzapine was associated with greater weight gain and increase glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol and triglycerides. These changes could have serious implications such as development of metabolic syndrome. (Jeffrey A. Lieberman et al. 2005) So why use or develop Chinese herb extracts as a therapeutic tool for schizophrenia? Although antipsychotic medication is still the foundation for the treatment in schizophrenia, it still leaves some people with unbearable side effects and distressing symptoms. The most common side effects are Parkinsonism, dystonia and akathisia and are most common with haloperidol and fluphenazine. (Schillevoort et al. 2001) (Levinson et al. 1990) Dystonic spasms affect the neck muscles tongue and face, and occur within a few days of treatment and are frequent at high doses. Akathisia is the restless leg syndrome and is characterised by great urges to move and difficulty in sitting still. Anti-cholinergic drugs can relieve these symptoms; they should not be given routinely as they also cause side effects such as blurred vision, constipation, dry mouth and euphoria. It is also important to remember that not all patients will get side effects from taking antipsychotics. Another long term side effect is tardive dyskinesia which is slow irregular movements particularly in the regions of the mouth, lips and protrusion of the tongue. Approximately 5% of the patients on antipsychotic medication developing this each year, but there is evidence that the incidence may be declining with increasing use of atypical antipsychotics. (Tarsy Baldessarini 2006) Due to the side effects, herbal medicines are commonly used for psychiatric purposes in both the developed and developing countries. (Walter Rey 1999) Studies have shown that some Chinese herbal medicines are effective for psychosis and that if used in conjunction with western medication, they enhance antipsychotic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Another important aspect is that, Chinese herbs may be more accessible, acceptable and cheaper than drugs already available. Chinese herbal medication includes plants, fungi, resins, animal and mineral substances which are given within a formula which typically consist of 4 to 12 herbs. Administration is in the form of decoctions, pills, powders, tablets, phials and as standardized plant extracts. Chinese herbal medication has been known to treat schizophrenia for over 2000 years; although the methods used in Traditional Chinese medicine to diagnose and treat schizophrenia differs from that used in western medicine. In western medicine, it is usually diagnosed by criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) but in Traditional Chinese Medication, its diagnosed by the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorder (CCMD). Figure shows the difference between diagnosing and treating Schizophrenia using traditional and Chinese herbal medication Traditional Chinese medicine differentiates schizophrenia into syndromes which determine the course of treatment. Therefore if two people are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia could have different clinical features (syndromes) therefore will require different medications. Each syndrome has a specific herbal formulation, but patients typically have mixed clinical features therefore they require precise formulations made by adding or substituting herbs. (Rathbone et al. 2007) Hype or hope? Is there really a benefit of using Chinese herbs as a therapeutic tool of schizophrenia? There have been several clinical trials done using Chinese herbal medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. One of the earlier studies was done using Dang gui cheng qi tang as the herbal medication given to the treatment group without the addition of the antipsychotic chlorpromazine which the control group received. The setting was in a hospital and participants were divided into groups randomly. It was reported that no participants left the groups early and the result showed that the global state outcome not improved /worse favoured the control group receiving chlorpromazine. (Rathbone et al. 2007) These results should be treated with caution given design limitations such as it being only conducted for 20 days, but nevertheless do not support that herbal medication should be used by itself for the treatment of schizophrenia. Further research and trials have been done which has incorporated using herbal medication together with an antipsychotic versus an antipsychotic alone. In 1997, Chinese herbal medications Dang gui cheng qi tang or xiao plus an antipsychotic was given to a treatment group compared to just the antipsychotic given to the control group. The allocation was randomized, lasted for 12 weeks and included hospital as well as community setting. The result showed that the treatment group scored significantly lower for the outcome of global state not improved/worse than the control group. (Rathbone et al. 2007) Global data score from the Clinical Global Impression scale (a rating scale measuring severity of symptoms, treatment response and efficacy of treatment) also favoured treatment groups that took the herbal medication plus antipsychotic. Ginkgo biloba was used with an antipsychotic for the treatment group in 1996 (Rathbone et al. 2007) and Shui zhi and Da huang were used with chlorpromazine. There were side effects associated with taking antipsychotics and taking herbal medications with antipsychotics showed that extra pyramidal side effects still arose. Constipation was however lower in the treatment group. (Rathbone et al. 2007) In 2001, Zhang et al did a study giving a treatment group Ginkgo biloba with haloperidol with the control group only receiving the latter. When compared, the study showed there was no difference between treatment group and control group when comparing negative symptoms and also when looking at Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. However, the scale of positive symptoms did marginally favour the treatment group. (Rathbone et al. 2007) For all studies done in the past, we have to be aware that application of Chinese herbal medication is based on syndrome differentiation with failure of applying this differentiation resulting in ineffective or harmful treatment. There is no concrete evidence that when given alone, Chinese herbal medications offer benefits which are equal or even greater than antipsychotic drugs. When the herbal drugs are used with antipsychotics, they may offer improvement in symptoms but as there is still limited evidence in regards to Chinese herbs and traditional Chinese medication, this approach must still be considered new and more investigation is needed. Stepholidine is an active ingredient of the Chinese herb Stephania intermedia Lo, and belongs to an alkaloid group tetra-hydroberberine. (S. X. Xu et al. 1989) Initial research had shown that Stepholidine decreased blood pressure without exerting any adverse effects on the heart as well as exhibiting analgesia and any sedating effects on the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown stepholidine to be a pioneering drug in the treatment of schizophrenia because it is a dopamine D1 receptor agonist and a D2 receptor antagonist. Due to the pathogenesis of this disease suggests the dysfunction of D1 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, which is accompanied by hyperactivity of D2 receptors in subcortical regions such as ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), when developing a antipsychotic drug should possess dual agonistic and antagonistic actions on the receptor. Stepholidine and its analogues tick these two important boxes. Stepholidine acts through D1 receptors to increase adenylyl cyclase activity and subsequent signalling pathways regulated by adenylyl cyclase might be responsible for the physiological responses, including rotational behaviour and changes in the firing activity of the neurons induced by Stepholidine. By contrast, Stepholidine inhibits both D2 auto-receptor mediated feedback inhibition of dopamine containing neurons and D2 receptor mediated effects on target non dopamine containing neurons. (Guo-Zhang Jin et al. 2002) There are several symptoms related to schizophrenia and insomnia is one of the most common. This could be partly related to the over-activity of the dopaminergic system. There has been a study done to show whether stepholidine modulates sleep behaviours. This was done in mice and the sleep-wake profiles were observed. From this study it has been concluded that stepholidine significantly increased the amount of NREM sleep and prolonged the duration of NREM sleep episodes, with reduction in the amount of wakefulness. Stepholidine had no effect on either the amount of REM sleep. Because it maintains NREM sleep in mice, it is suggested that it has the potential to be also used in the treatment of insomnia. (Qiu et al. 2009) Figure 1 shows the dual action of Stepholidine. Dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The schizophrenia hypothesis suggests that D1 receptor dysfunction in the mPFC leads to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the D2 receptor hyperactivity in the sub-cortex nuclei leads to the positive symptoms of this disorder [1-4]. The D1 receptor agonist effect of SPD in the mPFC is suggested to ameliorate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas the D2 receptor antagonist effect of SPD that predominates in the sub-cortex would improve the positive symptoms The Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) awarded a grant of Canadian $330,000 to Dr. Shitji Kapur and Dr. David Mamo in 2006 to study L-Stepholidine. The work they would do would be built up from previous knowledge of the drug already known. They conducted preclinical studies in rats and it showed to be a very promising compound. The goal then was to give it to humans and measure its D2 binding in an attempt at showing it indeed is a D2 drug in vivo using PET, and also estimate its expected therapeutic dose for future clinical studies. Having had several correspondences Dr Mamo, he has informed me that the main company in China had stopped the production of Stepholidine and for ensuring that the compound is pure without any contaminants and to assure the local regulatory authority the research was a safe study, they decided not to use stepholidine from China. Dr Kapur and Dr Mamo then collaborated with a chemist to synthesize stepholidine in a lab. Synthesis was fine, but the pr oblem was that they couldnt scale up the production to gram scale. A chemist had told him with further work, production was possible, but the SMRI was not willing to wait for this. The funding had to be given up but not for the reason that the drug wasnt showing promise. Another drawback in stepholidine is its bioavailability. Drugs given orally, acting on the central nervous system, should have good bioavailability and good blood brain barrier penetration. In rat based assays, it was seen that stepholidine, when administered orally, was poorly available to systemic circulation but could cross the blood brain barrier easily, resulting in good entry into the brain. Stepholidine was also found to have good permeability of the membrane that was not affected by efflux transporters such as P-gp or MRP2. Stepholidine which was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract was also rapidly eliminated by glucuronidation of phenolic hydroxyl group, and less by sulphation, methylation, demethylation and /or N-oxidation. This poor bioavailability achieved by stepholidine could be due to the extensive pre systemic metabolism. A way to overcome this would be to develop pro-drugs, which would be chemically modified versions of stepholidine which will undergo enzymatic or chemical transformation for the active drug to be released. Example of this might be to modify the hydroxyl groups of stepholidine. (Sun et al. 2009) Due to its poor bioavailability, there has been significant development in recently towards the modification of stepholidine by development of series of derivatives. One derivative that has improved bioavailability while maintain the pharmacological properties of stepholidine, is bi-acetylated l-stepholidine. In recent times, although there has been an increase in material prosperity and growing success of traditional western medication, there has been an overall increase in psychotic disorders especially schizophrenia. Psychiatric patients not only want their symptoms to disappear, they also want to continue to lead a normal life without all their troubles. Psychiatric patients have better resources for the treatment now than ever before, but due to frequent disappointments in western medication especially due to its side effects; there has been increased growth of alternative and complementary methods in the treatment of patients. Sometimes patients also seek help from spell breakers, exorcists and herbalists. In recent times, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) approximately 80% of people in the world have relied on herbs in satisfying their medical care needs, and developed countries such as Germany, Italy and even the USA have shown a dramatic increase in herbal medicine consumption. Stepholidine had led the way in recent drug discovery with it being both a D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist activity. This is a unique pharmacological characteristic of DH-THPBs (dihydro) and will be vital in the future when developing new antipsychotic drugs. More so, another DH-THPB, 12-chloroscoulerine has been found to have more potent dual action than stepholidine. In this project, I will analyse research done with stepholidine in regards to it being a therapeutic tool in the treatment of schizophrenia. Word count 2,992

Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy

Eulogy for Grandmother Theresa Smith was born on December 3, 1925 in Materson, NJ. She died in Williamsville on March 2, 2005, at age 80. Theresa Smith was great grandmother of one, grandmother of five of us, mother of three, sibling of three sisters and two brothers, and wife to one great man, my grandfather, Ron Smith. It's hard for me to reflect upon my grandmother's life because I was part of it for a little less than half its span. A lot of ideas went through my head at a million miles an hour, few of them stuck with me. One thought I had after my uncle asked me to consider saying a few words was that it was hard to understand my grandmother without also knowing my grandfather. My grandmother and grandfather got married in 1938. They spent a lot of their early married life in the Morristown, NJ area where my grandfather was a schoolteacher and later a principal. He earned his doctorate in education during that time, which ultimately allowed him to become a professor at Glassboro State College in Southern New Jersey. They moved to Glassboro in the late 1950s with their children, Sharon and Dennis. This was my grandparent's home until around the time my grandfather died in 1982. During this period, my grandmother managed to have a 20-year career as an elementary school teacher and a remedial reading teacher at the elementary and middle school levels. I think the reason that she taught at that time was because she was committed to helping the community, and we would continue to see this trait in her when she volunteered at hospitals in North Jersey and in this area, later in life. My grandfather was the kind of man who loved my grandmother and supported her in every way, including her career. He was well known in New Jersey and probably throughout the country as a leader of the New Jersey Education Association and the New Jersey Retired Educators' Association. He wrote several books on educational practice and educational law in the State of New Jersey. My grandparents had a great life together. They traveled extensively, particularly after they retired. They visited their children and grandchildren often, and were very involved in our lives and what mattered to us. It was a tremendous shock to all of us when my grandfather passed away in 1982. Eulogy for Grandmother :: Eulogies Eulogy Eulogy for Grandmother Theresa Smith was born on December 3, 1925 in Materson, NJ. She died in Williamsville on March 2, 2005, at age 80. Theresa Smith was great grandmother of one, grandmother of five of us, mother of three, sibling of three sisters and two brothers, and wife to one great man, my grandfather, Ron Smith. It's hard for me to reflect upon my grandmother's life because I was part of it for a little less than half its span. A lot of ideas went through my head at a million miles an hour, few of them stuck with me. One thought I had after my uncle asked me to consider saying a few words was that it was hard to understand my grandmother without also knowing my grandfather. My grandmother and grandfather got married in 1938. They spent a lot of their early married life in the Morristown, NJ area where my grandfather was a schoolteacher and later a principal. He earned his doctorate in education during that time, which ultimately allowed him to become a professor at Glassboro State College in Southern New Jersey. They moved to Glassboro in the late 1950s with their children, Sharon and Dennis. This was my grandparent's home until around the time my grandfather died in 1982. During this period, my grandmother managed to have a 20-year career as an elementary school teacher and a remedial reading teacher at the elementary and middle school levels. I think the reason that she taught at that time was because she was committed to helping the community, and we would continue to see this trait in her when she volunteered at hospitals in North Jersey and in this area, later in life. My grandfather was the kind of man who loved my grandmother and supported her in every way, including her career. He was well known in New Jersey and probably throughout the country as a leader of the New Jersey Education Association and the New Jersey Retired Educators' Association. He wrote several books on educational practice and educational law in the State of New Jersey. My grandparents had a great life together. They traveled extensively, particularly after they retired. They visited their children and grandchildren often, and were very involved in our lives and what mattered to us. It was a tremendous shock to all of us when my grandfather passed away in 1982.

Ubiquitous Man :: science

Ubiquitous Man A glance over the world from the point of view of a Science Fiction Writer who assumes that Time is waved to all directions Motto: The only thing you have really got is what you are and it is on you forever. Mihaela Bufnila ASSUMPTIONS If God had died what would be the use of beautiful language and why would â€Å"beautiful† exist or function anymore deep down the oceans? If I multiply and metamorphose into a cloud of spots under the pressure of magnetic fields, will I be able to enlarge my informational surface? The supreme miracle stands for the way in which an assembly of points realizes it is an assembly of points. The Ubiquitous Man seems to be the man of all times shaped into the body of contemporary Time. If this is not true, then I may be wrong when reporting myself to reality, and I have no other choice but accepting the generalized and the generalizing fiction according to which I don’t even exist and, thus, I cannot witness myself. This means that, as I am only contents, I couldn’t possibly build my exteriority from where to fully spy myself while plunging into the pleasure of the principle of multiple of one. The Ubiquitous Man seems to be caught between the history jaws, on the verge of being smashed by his own sins, by his own fictions, or by the crowds waving like a roaring ocean, or by revolutions and wars or by impersonal administrative acts or by nature hardships – which is not a proper nature anymore. As a universal construction, the Ubiquitous Man doesn’t seem to be built by addition, the idea of a flowing time is seemingly. The time seems rather waved; the ubiquity gives the impression of the wave that†¦ And look! You can see it before our visible horizon, now up, under the consciousness reflector, then vanished down the ocean full of universes, to the sailor’s anxiety. The Ubiquitous Man seems to be the man you feel close to you, resembling you, a sailor through the meaningful or meaningless storms, self-sufficient. Often, the Ubiquitous Man ends up by being ridiculous, tragic or anecdotic. It is like, being upset that his predecessors are not sharing his attempts, he punishes them by exterminating them together with him, and this is his way of perceiving the finite. Frequently, the Ubiquitous Man, a fragmented creature, cannot understand, cannot comprise all, cannot find out the meaning of things and then, he is expelled from the sailing registrar in one movement.

Free Essays - A Tale of Two Cities - Critical Analysis :: Tale Two Cities Essays

A Tale of Two Cities - Critical Analysis In 1859, Charles Dickens wrote the book A Tale of Two Cities. In A Tale, Dickens writes about the French Revolution, and relates the events in the lives of two families, one French and one English. In addition to writing about a very interesting fiction plot, Dickens also tied in a wide variety of important themes and sub plots that keep the reader interested as well as portraying very valuable lessons for us even today. He chose very archetypical characters for the book, all strengthening or portraying one of the themes. The main themes are revenge, courage and sacrifice, and resurrection. One theme involves revenge; the evil effects of revenge bring out one's bad side. Although it occurs many times in A Tale, Madame Defarge is the main character representing this theme. Her sister and mother were assaulted by the brothers Evrémonde. After this, she vows to herself that all members of the Evrémonde family will die. She turns into a ruthless killer because she must get revenge. When her husband tells her to stop, she replies, "tell the wind and fire to stop, not me" (pg 338). We now see that she is a person teeming with hatred. Revenge is so powerful. When she found out Charles Darnay is an Evrémonde and is planning to marry Lucie Manette, she began to knit his name into the shroud she was making, symbolizing his impending death. Also, she tried to kill Lucie and her daughter, just because they were related to an Evrémonde, even though Darnay (Evrémonde) denounced his heritage and disconnected all relationships to them. Lucie was in a state of mourning so Defarge jumped on the situation. "She will be at home, awaiting the moment of his death. She will be mourning and grieving. She will be in a state of mind to impeach the justice of the Republic. She will be full of sympathy with its enemies. I will go to her." (p. 349) She had no mercy, her main goal was to kill all descendants of the Evrémonde family, women and children included and even non-blood relatives. At the end of the novel, she receives an end fitting her ways; she was killed by Ms. Pross, who is the epitome of love and kindness. It is evident from here that Dickens believed that good would always win over bad.

Examine the importance of Russian weaknesses in WW1 in explaining the start of Revolution in 1917

The weaknesses of Russia during World War One were very important in explaining the start of the Russian Revolution in 1917. Although their were also other factors that contributed to the start of the Revolution in 1917 like the role of Tsar and the problems in Petrograd. Russia had many weaknesses during WW1 both at home at and the front line which could have helped cause the Revolution in 1917. Russia was unable to beat Japan due to many weaknesses at the front line. The soldiers weren't given any proper training and their weapons were mostly out of date and even at one point their was only one gun between three soldiers. Their was also very bad transport in Russia at the time which meant some soldiers couldn't be taken to the front because their was train to take them their and they would just be stuck in the train station. Having bad transport also meant that food was unable to get to the soldiers at the front which caused many to starve. The food for the soldiers and the people back home was delivered to a city Archangel but because their weren't any trains to deliver the food to them, it just stayed in Archangel. Also, their were many casualties during the war but due to the bad transport medical supplies like medicines and nurses were unable to be taken to the front to treat the wounded. The war gave soldiers the opportunity to communicate with each other and share their ideas, it also gave them experience with weapons and training which they were able to use in the revolution. Their were also many problems at home during WW1. Russia had a population of hundred and five million during WW1 and only three and a half million were industrial workers, this is because most of them had gone of to fight in the war but with a lack of industrial workers it meant that the amount of weapons being made would decrease and by three months into the war the amount of weapons being made had fallen by fifty percent. During the war because their was not enough people to run the factories Peasants were used to work in the factories, but with the peasants working in the factories this meant the land being used to make food fell by twenty percent. This made people really angry because of the shortage of food. Also the food prices went up and during 1914 and 1917 food prices had increased five times, this made people angry because their wages weren't being increased and only less then ten percent of workers were receiving minimum wage. With the lack of food and the food prices being increased made many people angry enough to decide to go on strikes. Many strikes occurred and in 1914 their were altogether sixty-eight strikes and in January and February of 1917 one thousand three hundred and thirty strikes occurred. These strikes showed that people wanted change. Many people though loved Tsar at the beginning of the war because it made them feel patriotic towards their country and they were willing to support him because they wanted to win the war. Industrial reform was another factor that could have helped cause the Revolution of 1917. In the 1890's Russia started to industrialise and this stage was known as ‘The Great Spurt'. A man called Sergi Witte wanted to modernise Russia and move everyone to the cities, this was a bad move because 80% of Russia's population at the time were peasants, and in 1881 only 928,000 people were living in St Petersburg. By 1914 the population of St Petersburg had increased to 2,217,000 this caused a lot of problems. It caused social unrest, their were on trade union or legal representation and bad living conditions because the city was so crowded. It also caused food shortages because their weren't as many peasants producing food and their were too many people living in the town it was hard to supply food for them all. Having so many people living in an overcrowded city was a bad move because people were able to talk to each other and plan and organise a revolution. Sergi Witte managed to build a Trans-Siberian railway, but although it was a step in industrialising Russia it was a poor one. The Railway only went form east to west, this was the reason why soldiers were unable to get to the front line and fight and it was also the reason why food supplies weren't being delivered to places in the north and south of Russia and to the soldiers. The role of Tsar also helped in causing the Revolution of 1917. Although Tsar was liked at the beginning of WW1 but by the end of the war he was very disliked by many people. He believed in Romanov tradition and believed that he ruled through divine right, which meant he believed he was chosen by god and refused to embrace any type of change. One of the things he believed and lived by was Russification, he wanted to make Russia more Russian and by doing this he treated Ukrainians badly, prosecuted Jews because he felt that they weren't real Russians and caused huge discrimination. He also called peasants the ‘dark masses'. A man called Pobedonostsev tutored Nicholas II and his father Alexander III which allowed him to have a huge influence over the both of them. Pobedonostsev was the one who told them to give no freedom and because of the huge influence Pobedononstsev had over Nicholas and his father that is what Nicholas and his father did, they gave no freedom. Tsar's personal feelings and personality was also a reason that could have helped cause the Revolution of 1917. He was known to be very stubborn and impatient and disagreed with any change. He had bad judgement in the appointment and dismissal of ministers and he also refused to appoint a government which had the confidence of the public during the war which caused a lot of people to turn against him. Rasputin was also a cause of opposition towards Tsar. Tsar's choice of having Rasputin as an adviser was a bad move; this was because the Wealth Influential Court Ministers hated Rasputin and his powers and started to turn against Tsar because of Rasputin. Also in 1917 Tsar sacked his uncle and became commander of chief of the whole army. This was the worst thing Tsar could have done because it meant that he would get the blame from people when Russia gets defeated in wars, it also meant that he was away from home a lot. With Tsar being away from home a lot it allowed opposition to grow and problems to occur like the strikes by workers and peasants. Agrarian reform was also another factor that could have helped cause the Revolution in 1917. A man called Stolypin who was a big supporter of Tsar wanted to change the way peasants were farming in Russia. He believed in ‘suppression first, and then, and only then reform', he wanted to work out how to feed the growing population of Russia. Peasants were very conservative and the form of farming they did was called strip farming which was were they farm for their needs no one else's, but Stolypin wanted to get the peasants to farm for the big cities like St Petersburg and Moscow. The way in which he went in trying to make these changes was by terrorising them. All though Stolypin tried by 1914 most peasants were still strip farming which meant that people in St Petersburg and Moscow still didn't have enough for food for their growing population which got people in the cities angry. Also because 80% of the population of Russia were peasants, by terrorising them like Stolypin did a lot of them would have turned away from supporting Tsar because Stolypin was such a big supporter of Tsar. The failure to meet needs after 1905 Revolution in the October manifesto was also another factor that could have caused the Revolution on 1917. Russia was very surprised by their defeat from the Russo-Japanese war and that it self would have made people want to revolt. After the 1905 Revolution, which didn't work because their was no actual leader, Tsar had to make the people happy so he signed the October Manifesto which created the Duma, the Russian parliament. The Duma was split into two the Elected Duma and the State Council. The State council was appointed by Tsar which initially gave them more power over the Elected Duma. Although Tsar allowed the Duma which looked like he was given more freedom to the Russian people he was still the one who was able to control the Duma. If he didn't agree with any of the ideas of the Dumas he was able to dissolve it. The first Duma only lasted from 1st May to July 1906, the second one lasted form March to June 1907 and was dissolved because the Duma demanded rights and didn't like Stolypins ideas but Tsar did. The reason Tsar kept the Duma though was because although it looked like he was given people more freedom he wasn't and it was actually ineffective. Also Tsar felt that it looked impressive to other countries. Many Russians set up groups that rebelled against tsar because the Duma wasn't getting the things they wanted, like rights. One group set up was the Vyborg Group and they appeared to the people to defy Tsar by not paying tax, they were soon executed by Stoylpin. The final chaos in Petrograd symbolised Tsar had been deserted by everybody which helped cause the Revolution of 1917 because he had no supporters left. With no supporters Tsar had no hope of staying in power for long because of the amount of opposition growing. From 18th February to 4th March many problems occurred for Tsar like strikes from people at home and from people in the army. Opposition grows stronger, Tsar dissolved what was left of the Duma but twelve of them refused to go and set up a Provisional Committee. Tsar was advised by Kerensky, a leader politician to step down and the Duma president Rodzyanko said to him ‘their is not one honest man left in your entourage. The decent people have either left or been dismissed', this showed that Tsar had no followers left. Tsar decided to return to Petrograd because he felt that if he went back all the problems would calm down. Altogether these key factors all helped cause the 1917 Revolution and World War One acted as the spark that caused it to finally happen. Industrial reform, Agrarian reform, Tsars personality and beliefs and the failure to meet needs after the 1905 revolution in the October manafesto all caused a lot of opposition to grow against Tsar. Other then World War One Tsars personality and beliefs was a main cause of the 1917 revolution, because of his stubbornness and refusal of allowing any freedom for people got people very angry. He also lost a lot of support from important people, like the Wealth influential court ministers because of his choice of having Rasputin as a friend and leaving him as his wife's adviser when he was away. Becoming Commander of Chief was also a big mistake for Tsar to have become. World War One was the incident that sparked of the Revolution because during World war one was when most opposition from Russians grew, because of the food shortages and prices going up. World War one was like the midwife of the revolution, like Lenin said ‘war is the midwife of a revolution'.

Employee Motivation Essay

depression and fore intimately, I neglect to thank , who has been my advisor and mentor throughout my studies, and served as the pass of my disquisition committee. Without sirs patient criticism, perennial support, loving occasionful teaching, and constant ch completely(a)enge and rise to give my very best efforts to my beneathtakings, I would none confine meditateed what I require to nor been prepargond to complete this dissertation and upcoming take on.Much of what I contri excepte learned or so the craft of investigate has come from Sir, and I am forever grateful for the opportunity to stand examine on a kickoffer floor his guidance. I each largessly want to give thanks to my who has contri preciselyed immensely to my original and somebodyal bumpment over the quondam(prenominal) two grades. I would non gull agree it through this seek without the support, encouragement, teaching, and k straight offledge of fel initiatory-class honours degree students in the program. CERTIFICATEThis is to present that the dissertation titled EMPLOYEE motive IN HYDRABAD INDUSTRY LTD submitted by embodies the bonafied make believe do by her infra super slew of I to a fault decl atomic number 18 that this dissertation is a result of her effort and no breach of this research has been published earlier or been submitted as a project by her for twain degree or diploma for any institute or university. quickly HIL is a multi crossroad, multi locational validation with a impressive net usage of branches, depots, stockiest and military unit spread each over India. HIL being rachised by the governanceal and technical expertise of the Birlas, as well(p) as has a Board of directors comprising experienced military group from Business, Finance and Industry. The Board is chai blushing(a) by Mr. C. K. Birla. HILs crossing range implicate vul tidy sumized fictional character Cement detonator sheets in the put forward of CHARMI NAR and MALABAR, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete B twines and Panels called AEROCON, Calcium Silicate withdrawal product called HYSIL, Jointing remunerateing for Gaskets and Plant and machinery for these products.The Hyderabad industries tame, Thrissur is located 10 km a course from the Thrissur town. The subscribe to place w present the ph unrivalledr is situated is Athani, which is an industrial t awakener. This connection was incorporated in the year 1985 and commenced production in 1986 in the secern as MALABAR BUILDING PRODUCTS, which was a colligation venture by HIL and KSIDC (Kerala State Industries increase Corpo balancen. Later in the year 2005 April the attach to was merged with the HIL completely from the KSIDC. And in the corresponding year the company intensifyd its come across to HYDRABAD INDUSTRIES LIMITED. intimately 200 employees be bating(a) in HIL, Thrissur as a unharmed. In that cx employees ar throwing in graft, 72 atomic number 18 office staffs and 18 argon bar get intoing staffs.The plant is makeing for 24 hours and in that respect ar three shifts per day. The whole plant is completely automated. The HIL Thrissur plant is producing sole(prenominal) the AC roof sheets in the name of CHARMINAR. Charminar AC Roofing Sheets shoot been the no 1 cover sheets of choice for much(prenominal)(prenominal) than 50 historic period now, providing roofing to millions of pitiful price ho spends and to industries, commercial businesses and for several commonplace utilities. Charminar sheets argon wide of the mark known for their A- genius quality and durability. The raw solids utilize in the production dish up argon graphic symbol, rainfly ash, rag pulp and cement. Among these raw existents Fibre is importing from Brazil and skunkada and cement is in the freshman place bought from ACC cements.The come with mainly sells their products through dealers who argon selected by the company. The finished prod ucts be mainly sold in the south India, specially in Tamil Nadu. The company has a reverieary earthagement and spark offd police squad of dynamic lay outers sharing common vision and working in the union. The company is pitiable ahead with to innovate and countenance smooth production. HIL is providing to go through an operational efficiency compactable with orbicular prototypes. As a heartyly organic law, it has postd crucially towards eco-friendliness and various(a) cordial ca subprograms. The company has composite in conducting a lot of alliance welfargon programme. In this year the company conducted a welfargon programme named SOUHRUTHAM 2008. wariness and Vision of Hyderabad Industries Limited To maintain head teacherership in Fibre cement products patience and develop complementary products and services to spike the core business of building products. tip of pot ask with cost makeive solutions for enduring and enhanced client satisfaction. so ng for excellence in all the select of companys operation. Innovative solutions to raise world class products and services genteelness collective wisdom and commitment of employees to require corporate and group culture and set which they ar proud to be per centum of. Maintain equitable balance between development and environmental take a authoritys of the society. smell PolicyProvide products and services that adequately and consistently meet specified and set contracts of customers by ? Continues upgrade of product nurse and by ? Building customer responsive environment ? In devising and deliverance of the products and services go outk & evolution. Research and Development Centre ofHyderabad Industries Limited is in full equipped with tardilyst suppose-of-art technology, equipment and test facilities including fender Plants situated in ultra current-make spacious building crossing an argona of about 11000 sft of main Building and about 16000 sft bea of Pilot Plant. HIL, R & D centre is recognise by segment of Science and Technology Government of India.HIL defecate been conferred with the DSIR National Award for R & D efforts in application for the year 2000 in the argona of new-fashioned materials for AEROCON INSTA PANEL sacred team of scientists and engineers are constantly working for product up gradation, optimum custom of raw materials, development of substitute materials, new products and new product applications, saving secure amount of foreign exchange for the country. The R & D Division has contri only ifed in the fol g belittleders specific areas Identification and development of environment friendly building products with emerging market drivefully. Emphasis on process optimization, cost reduction and development of value added products. rough-and-ready utilization of energy, water and waste material. tightness of imported technical know-how. Development of new products i. e. Aerocon Insta Panels, Acc ess Flooring clay, pressed sheets, sack protection boards, Light weight AAC Blocks, non-asbestos articulatioing material for automobile intentness etc. fictional character Policy Provide products and services that adequately and consistently meet specified and list of necessity of customers by ? Continues upgrade of product value and by ? Building customer responsive environment ? In make and deliverance of the products and services Philosophy HYDERABAD INDUSTRIES LIMITED is committed to level-headed Corporate Governance. The Company has been side by side(p) good principles of business over the years by following all the laws and regulations of the land with an emphasis on accountability, trusteeship, and integrity.It is our righteousness to batten down that the giving medication is managed in a direction that protects and furthers the interests of our stakeholders. INDUSTRIAL PROFILE Asbestosis a group ofmineralswith long, thin fibrouscrystals. The give voice asbestos is derived from aGreekadjective mean inextinguishable. TheGreeks nameed asbestos the miracle mineral because of its soft and pliant properties, as well(p) as its ability to last heat. Asbestos became change magnitudely popular among manufacturers and builders in the previous(a) 19th century due to its opposition to heat, electricity and chemical damage, its sound tightness and tensile assign-so. When asbestos is use for its justification to dissolve or heat, the personas are often conflate with cementor woven into stuff or mats.Asbestos was employ in close to products for its heat resistance, and in the past was apply on electric oven and blisteringplate fit for itselectrical insulationat upgrade temperature, and in buildings for itsflame-retardantand insulating properties,tensile medium, tractability, and resistance to chemicals. The main product ASBESTOS CEMENT planing machine is primarily a cement found product were about 10-15% asbestos event is req uisite to reinforce the cement is wear proof, regular(a) through it absorbs moisture, the water depart non pass through the product. Asbestos cement is apply for corrugated sheets, slates, flat sheet for wildcat pens, cladding molded fitting, water system rain water gutters, down pipes, under ground pipes and sewer pipes, skills, chalkboards. Most of the asbestos consumed globally is chrysolite. Russia, Kazakhstan is major(ip) bugger offrs of asbestos.The studies across the globe had not found any change magnitude guess of carrier to the workers even at the levels of fiber/cubic centimeter, whereas the Indian chrysolite cement industry works well bellow 0. 5 fiber/cubic centimeter. Historic example Asbestos was named by the ancient Greeks who in addition recognized certain hazards of the material. The Greek geographerStraboand the Roman naturalistPliny the Eldernoted that the material dishonored lungs of slaves who wove it into cloth. Charlemagne, the firstHoly Roman Emperor, is verbalise to dumbfound had a tablecloth made of asbestos. flush(p)Persians, who bought asbestos imported over theHindu Kush, out(p) guests by cleaning the cloth by simply exposing it to flickering. accord toBiruniin his arrest ofGems, any cloths made of asbestos were called shastakeh. Some of the Persians believed the fiber was fur from an animal namedsamandar that lived in ardour and died when exposed to water. Some archeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos, wherein they burned the bodies of their kings, in install to conserves only their ashes, and prevent their being flux with those of woodwind or some some other incendiary materials commonly utilise in funeral pyres. Others maintain that the ancients utilize asbestos to make perpetual wicks forcharnelor other lamps. In more(prenominal) than recent centuries, asbestos was indeed utilize for this use of goods and services.Although asbestos causes cutis to itch upon contact,anc ient literatureindicates that it was incontrovertible for diseases of the skin, and curiously for the itch. It is possible that they employ the termasbestosforalumen plumosum, because the two terms deem often been scattered throughout history. Asbestos became more widespread during the industrial revolution in the 1860s it was apply as insulation in the U. S. and Canada. Development of the first commercial asbestos mine began in 1879 in theAppalachianfoothills ofQuebec. By the middle 20th century uses embroild fire retardant coatings, concrete, bricks, pipes and fireplace cement, heat, fire, and acid patient of gaskets, pipe insulation, ceiling insulation, fireproof drywall, flooring, roofing, lawn furniture, and drywall joint compound.Approximately 100,000 mint in the coupled States incur died, or forget die, from asbestos characterisation related to ship building. In theHampton roadsarea, a shipbuilding center,mesothelioma occurrence is vii both(prenominal) cloc k the national rate. Thou backs of metric haemorrhoid of asbestos were used inWorld contend IIships to wrap the pipes, line the boilers, and surmount engine and turbine move. at that place were approximately 4. 3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII for every(prenominal) thousand workers about fourteen died of mesothelioma and an recondite number died from asbestosis. Asbestos fibers were at one time used in automobilebrake padsand shoes. Since the mid-1990s, a bulk of brake pads, new or replacement, have been anufactured instead with linings made of ceramic, carbon, coatlic andAramid fiber(TwaronorKevlarthe same(p) material used inbullet-proof vests). Kent, the firstfiltered cigaretteon the market, used crocidolite asbestos in its Micronite filter from 1952 to 1956. The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906. In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung hassles in asbestos mining towns. The fir st diagnosis ofasbestosiswas made in England in 1924. By the 1930s, England adjust ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work related disease, about ten years sooner than the U. S. The termMesotheliomawas not used in medical literature until 1931, and was not associated with asbestos until sometime in the 1940s.The United States administration and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the reality of dangers, and to reduce public exposure. In the late 1970s court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers and tried to conceal them. In Japan, particularly afterWorld War II, asbestos was used in the manufacture ofammonium sulphatefor purposes of rice production, sprayed upon the ceilings, iron skeletons, and walls of railroad cars and buildings (during the 1960s), and used for energy efficiency reasons as well. yield of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990, when production began to discombobulate severely.Commercially available roofing materials The weather proofing material is the topmost or outer(prenominal) layer, exposed to the weather. Many variant kinds of materials have been used as weather proofing material Thatchis roofing made of plant stalks in coincide layers. WheatStraw, widely used in England, France and other parts of Europe. Sea grass, used in coastal areas where on that point areestuaries such(prenominal) as Scotland. Has a longer intent than straw. Claimed to have a support in superfluity of 60 years. zoster, calledshakesin noneth America. Shinglesis the generic term for a roofing material that is in legion(predicate) overlapping sections, regardless of the nature of the material.The word is as well as used specifically to denote shingles made of wood. Red cedar. Life expectancy, up to 30 years. merely, young growth red cedar has a short carriage expectancy. advanced cost. Should be allowed to brea the. Hardwood. Very persistent roofing found in colonialAustralian architecture, its use now peculiar(a) torestorations. slate. High cost with a life expectancy of up to 200 years. Slate cleaves into thin sheets, making it much brightness level than concrete tiles, though heavier than sheet stain and other light roof get byings. nether region slab. Heavy stone slabs (not to be confused with slate) 1-2 thick were formerly used as roofing tiles in some regions in England.Stone slabs require a very heavyweight roof structure, but their weight makes them storm proof. An obsolete roofing material. Ceramictile. High cost, life of more accordingly 100 years. Imbrex and tegula, carriage geological dating back to ancient Greece and Rome. admixturelic element shakes or shingles. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of 3/12 change or greater. Because of the flexibility of metal, they raft be manufactured to lock unitedly, giving durability and reducing assembly time. Mechanically seamed metal. Long life. High cost, suitable for roofs of low pitch such as 0. 5/12 to 3/12 pitch. Concrete, usually reinforced with fibres of some sort. Concrete tiles require a gruelinger roof structure than slate, as some owners have found to their cost. Asphalt shingle, made of bitumen infix in an organic or fibreglass mat, usually covered with colored, man-made ceramic grit. Cheaper than slate or tiles. Various life span expectancies. Asbestosshingles. Very long lifespan, fireproof and low cost but now rarely used because of health concerns. tissue layer. Membrane roofing is in large sheets, principally fused in some sort at the joints to form a ceaseless develop. Thermosetting plastic(e. g. EPDM pencil eraser). Synthetic rubber sheets adhered together with contact adhesive or tape. primary(a) application is big turning point store with large open areas and minor vertical protrusions. Thermoplastic(e. g. PVC,TPO,CSPE).Plastic sheets welded together with hot air creating one dogging sheet membrane. Can be rewelded with the censure of CSPE. Lends it egotism well to both big box and small roof application because of its hot air weld ability. Modifiedbitumen heat welded, mineral pitch adhered or installed with adhesive. Asphalt is mixed with polymers such as APP or SBS, then applied to fiberglass and/or polyester mat, seams sozzled by locally melting the mineral pitch with heat, hot mopping of asphalt, or adhesive. Lends itself well to all applications. Built-Up Roof Multiple plies of asphalt saturated organic felt or cover fiberglass felts. Plies of felt are adhered with hot asphalt, coal tar pitch or adhesive. Sprayed-in-Place Polyurethane coruscate (SPUF) bubble sprayed in-place on the roof, and then coated with a wide variety of coatings, or in some instances, covered with gravel. Fabric Polyester. PTFE (synthetic fluor polymer) embedded infibre glass. Metal roofing. Generally a relatively cheesy building materi al, unlesscopperis used. Galvanized brand name often manufactured with wavy corrugations to resist squinty flexing and fitted with exposed fasteners. Widely used for low cost and durability. Sheds are normally roof with this material. Known asGal iron, it was the most extensively used roofing material of 20th century Australia, now replaced in popularity by steel roofing coated with an alloy of zinc and aluminum, claimed to have up to four times the life of galvanized steel. Standing-seam metal with concealed fasteners. Mechanically seamed metal with concealed fasteners contains sealant in seams for use on very low lean roofs. Flat-seam metal with soldered seams. methamphetamine hydrochloride Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. They gived cosmos with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time take holding inclement weather outside. Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, and is very brittle. Modern glass mantlepiece walls locoweed be used to cover the entire facade of a building. Glass give notice to a fault be used to span over a wide roof structure in a space erect. Ceramics, these are such things as tiles, fixtures, etc. Ceramics are generally used as fixtures or coverings in buildings. Ceramic floors, walls, counter-tops, even ceilings. Many countries use ceramic roofing tiles to cover many a(prenominal) buildings. Ceramics used to be just a specialized form of clay-pottery firing in kilns, but it has evolved into more technical areas. Foam More recently synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam has been used on a limited casing. It is light weight, easily shaped and an excellent insulator. It is usually used as part of a structural insulated panel where the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement. Department pen The organization has mainly 5 sections.They are 1. world RESOURCE segment 2. finance incision 3. PURCHASE DEPARTMENT 4. MARKETING DEPARTMENT. 5. deed DEPARTMENT Organization chart of man Resource Department pic The managing kind characterry in the organization is an important task. gayskind resource department is doing the solicitude of human resource in the organization. Hyderabad Industries Limited follows a system in HR department that each authority coming under the General Manager (works) has to underwrite at present to General Manager (Works) in the hierarchy. This ordain helps to speed up the communication hightail it in the organization. composition graph OF FINANCE DEPARTMENT earphone financial decisions have been one of the critical practices in the light uponment of Hyderabad Industries Limited, Thrissur proper planning and long vision of the financial coach-and-fours help the company to submit to to smooth sail. All monetary proceeding of the company are handled and brought to account by the finance department. ORGANISATION CHART OF PURCAHSE DEPARTMENT The secure theater director is the only person who is the having the prime authority to make points for the purchase of raw materials. After referring the stock report of raw materials and finished goods, the purchase managing director purchase the raw- materials in severalise to ensure the continuous flow of production.ORGANISATION CHART OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT The production manager and his team are responsible for realizing the visions of the company within constraints of technical possibility. This involves coordinating the trading operations of various production activities and maintains a good flow of work without any blockage. ORGANISATION CHART OF MARKETING DEPARTMEN Product Profile Charminar Aerocon panels. Charminar Aerocon Panel is a unique mill developed product that accomplishs the following spirt Building concept. Raw material contains up to 40% Fly Ash (recycled cater plant waste). Excellent Thermal and Sound Insulation. A good fire range up to 2 hrs. -Depending upo n thickness. Factory vulcanized panel -Dry turn at site. make sensely re-locatable. Proven suitable for seismic and cyclone disposed zones Other Benefits Fast track construction -Tongue and groove joining system allows express construction. Light weight -allows voiced treatment and erection. Excellent water & termite resistance. Can be given any surface finish Applications Charminar Roofing Sheets are an elevated building material for roofing and side-cladding in Industrial/ Power Plant facing Control Room Prefabricated site offices Prefabricated Houses, Canteens and comfort Rooms Partitions Police Stations rail Buildings Telephone Exchanges ATM Cubicles Charminar AC roofing Sheets. Charminar AC Roofing Sheets have been the No. 1 roofing sheets of choice for more than 50 years now. Providing roofing to millions of low cost houses and to industries, commercial businesses and for several public utilities. Charminar sheets are widely known for their select qua lity and durability. Special Features Strong & enduring Weather-proof Less noise during rains Non-corrosive Charminar Concreted Roofing Sheets are made from Fibre, Portland cement and Binder. Fibre in these sheets acts as reinforcement like steel in RCC. These are owing to their quality, strength & durability.These are manufactured to exceed the requirements of strength specified in the relevant Indian standards. Standards IS 459-1992 Specification for turn up and Semi-Corrugated Asbestos Cement Sheets. IS 3007 1999 recruit of practice for laying of Asbestos Cement Sheets, Part-I, Corrugated Sheets. IS 1626 (Part3) 1994 Roofing fittings. Applications Charminar Roofing Sheets are an nonpareil building material for roofing and side-cladding in Industrial buildings of all types Food repositing Go downs Warehouses & Cold Storages Poultry farms, dairy farms and other agricultural sheds Garages, Verandahs and Outhouses Houses School buildings open Utility Sheds Cooli ng Towers Cinema Halls Stadiums railroad track & Bus Stations CHAPTER-2 INTRODUCTION TO EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION INTRODUCTIONThe project work authorize a hit the books on employee want with special reference to Hyderabad Industries Ltd Thrissur is mainly conducted to identify the factors which bequeath motivate the employees and the organizational cash in ones chipss in Hyderabad Industries Ltd, Thrissur. Managements basic clientele is the effective utilization of human resources for achievements of organizational accusatives. The personnel management is concerned with organizing human resources in such a way to get maximum output to the enterprise and to develop the talent of tidy sum at work to the fullest satisfaction. need implies that one person, in organization context a manager, includes another, say an employee, to engage in action by ensuring that a channel to avenge those call for and aspirations becomes available to the person.In addition to this, the s trong take in a direction that is satisfying to the latent postulate in employees and harness them in a manner that would be functional for the organization. Employee want is one of the major issues faced by every organization. It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinates or to create the go forth to work among the subordinates. It should in any case be remembered that a worker may be immensely unresolved of doing some work nothing can be achieved if he is not giveing to work. A manager has to make appropriate use of pauperism to excite the employees to follow them. Hence this studies also rivet on the employee motivation among the employees of Hyderabad Industries Ltd.The selective information needed for the theatre of operations has been imperturbable from the employees through questionnaires and through direct interviews. Analysis and interpretation has been do by development the statistical to a faultls and infos are presented through tables and charts. look into PROBLEM The research problem here in this study is associated with the motivation of employees of Hyderabad Industries Limited, Thrissur. there are a variety of factors that can influence a persons level of motivation some of these factors include 1. The level of generate and benefits, 2. The perceived uprightness of promotion system within a company, 3. Quality of the working builds, 4. Leadership and social alliances, 5.Employee cognition 6. Job security 7. career development opportunities etc. Motivated employees are a great asset to any organisation. It is because the motivation and Job satisfaction is distinctly linked. Hence this study is focusing on the employee motivation in the organisation. The research problem is formulated as follows literature recap Rensis Likerthas called motivation as the core of management. motivation is the core of management. motivation is an effective instrument in the hands of the management in inspiring the work force . It is the major task of every manager to motivate his subordinate or to create the go out to work among the subordinates .It should also be remembered that the worker may be immensely capable of doing some work, nothing can be achieved if he is not provideing to work . creation of a exit to work is motivation in simple but true sense of term. Motivation is an important function which very manager performs for touch off the people to work for accomplishment of objectives of the organization . Issuance of well conceived instructions and orders does not mean that they forget be followed . A manager has to make appropriate use of motivation to enthuse the employees to follow them. trenchant motivation succeeds not only in having an order accepted but also in gaining a determination to see that it is executed efficiently and effectively.In order to motivate workers to work for the organizational goals, the managers mustiness view the motives or postulate of the workers and provide an environment in which appropriate bonuss are available for their satisfaction . If the management is happy in doing so it will also be succeederful in increasing the willingness of the workers to work. This will increase efficiency and strong suit of the organization . there will be better utilization of resources and workers abilities and capacities. The concept of motivation The word motivation has been derived from motive which elbow room any idea, need or feeling that prompts a man in to action. whatever may be the manner of man, there is some stimulant drug behind it . stimulant drug is dependent upon the motive of the person concerned. condition can be known by studying his involve and commits.There is no universal system that can rationalize the factors influencing motives which control mans behavior at any particular point of time. In general, the various motives operate at different times among different people and influence their beha viors. The process of motivation studies the motives of respective(prenominal)s which cause different type of behavior. 2. 2 Definition of Motivation. According to Edwin B Flippo, Motivation is the process of attempting to influence others to do their work through the possibility of gain or recognize. 2. 3 Significance of Motivation Motivation involves getting the members of the group to take in weight effectively, to give their loyalty to the group, to wait out properly the purpose of the organization.The following results may be expected if the employees are properly actuate. 1. The workforce will be better meet if the management provides them with opportunities to fulfill their physiological and psychological ineluctably. The workers will assist voluntarily with the management and will contribute their maximum towards the goals of the enterprise. 2. Workers will tend to be as efficient as possible by improving upon their skills and knowledge so that they are able to contr ibute to the shape up of the organization. This will also result in increased productivity. 3. The rates of sweats turnover and absenteeism among the workers will be low. 4.There will be good human relations in the organization as friction among the workers themselves and between the workers and the management will decrease. 5. The number of complaints and grievances will come down. solidus will also be low. 6. There will be increase in the quantity and quality of products. Wastage and scrap will be less. Better quality of products will also increase the public image of the business. 2. 4 Motivation Process. 1. Identification of need 2. Tension 3. Course of action 4. termination Positive/Negative 5. Feed back 2. 5 Theories of Motivation. infrastanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the subject of the Hawthorne study results (Terpstra, 1979).Six major approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation a re Mcclellands exploit tether theory, bearing Modification system Abraham H Mallows need hierarchy or Deficient possible action of motivation. J. S. Adams lawfulness scheme, howls arithmetic mean Theory, Two factor Theory. McClellands Achievement postulate Theory. According to McClellands there are three types of demand exact for Achievement (n Ach) This need is the strongest and lasting actuate factor. Particularly in case of persons who satisfy the other involve. They are constantly pre employed with a desire for improvement and lack for situation in which successful upshots are directly correlated with their efforts.They set more difficult but achievable goals for themselves because success with easily achievable goals hardly provides a sense of achievement. Need for Power (n Pow) It is the desire to control the behavior of the other people and to insure the surroundings. Power motivations lordly applications results in domestic leadership style, while it b anish application tends autocratic style. Need for sleeper (n Aff) It is the related to social of necessity and creates friendship. This results in formation of informal groups or social circle. Behavioral Modification Theory According to this theory people behavior is the outcome of favorable and unfavorable past circumstances. This theory is found on learn theory. skinner conducted his researches among rats and school children.He found that stimulus for desirable behavior could be strengthen by rewarding it at the earliest. In the industrial situation, this relevance of this theory may be found in the creation of financial and non financial incentives. More immediate is the reward and stimulation or it motivates it. pulling out of reward incase of low standard work may also produce the desired result. However, researches show that it is generally more effective to reward desired behavior than to punish undesired behavior. Abraham H Maslow Need Hierarchy or Deficient theory of Motivation. The intellectual basis for most of motivation come backing has been provided by behavioral scientists, A.H Maslow and Frederick Heizberg, whose published works are the volume of Motivation. Although Maslow himself did not apply his theory to industrial situation, it has wide impact for beyond academic circles. Douglous Mac Gregor has used Maslows theory to interpret specific problems in personnel administration and industrial relations. The crux of the matter of Maslows theory is that human needs are set in hierarchy composed of five categories. The lowest level needs are physiological and the highest levels are the self realisation needs. Maslow starts with the formation that man is a wanting animal with a hierarchy of needs of which some are lower ins scale and some are in a higher scale or system of values.As the lower needs are satisfied, higher needs emerge. Higher needs cannot be satisfied unless lower needs are fulfilled. A satisfied need is not a motivator . This resembles the standard economic theory of decrease returns. The hierarchy of needs at work in the single is nowadays a routine tool of personnel trade and when these needs are active, they act as powerful conditioners of behavior- as Motivators. Hierarchy of needs the main needs of men are five. They are physiological needs, sentry go needs, social needs, ego needs and self existingization needs, as shown in order of their importance. figure (2. 1) The above five basic needs are regarded as striving needs which make a person do things.The first model indicates the be of different needs. The second is more helpful in indicating how the satisfaction of the higher needs is based on the satisfaction of lower needs. It also shows how the number of person who has experienced the fulfilment of the higher needs gradually tapers off. physiologic or Body Needs The individual move up the ladder responding first to the physiological needs for nourishment, clothing and shelter. Thes e corporal needs must be equated with pay rate, pay practices and to an extent with physical condition of the short letter. Safety The next in order of needs is safety needs, the need to be free from danger, either from other people or from environment.The individual want to assured, once his bodily needs are satisfied, that they are secure and will continue to be satisfied for foreseeable feature. The safety needs may take the form of gambol security, security against disease, misfortune, old age etc as also against industrial injury. Such needs are generally met by safety laws, measure of social security, protective labor laws and collective agreements. Social needs dismissal up the scale of needs the individual feels the desire to work in a cohesive group and develop a sense of belonging and identification with a group. He feels the need to love and be loved and the need to belong and be identified with a group.In a large organization it is not easy to build up social relat ions. However close relationship can be built up with at to the lowest degree some fellow workers. Every employee wants too feel that he is wanted or accepted and that he is not an noncitizen facing a hostile group. self or Esteem Needs These needs are reflected in our desire for perspective and acknowledgment, respect and prestige in the work group or work place such as is conferred by the recognition of ones merit by promotion, by fellowship in management and by fulfillment of workers urge for self expression. Some of the needs relate to ones esteem e. g. need for achievement, self confidence, knowledge, competence etc.On the job, this subject matter praise for a job but more important it inwardness a feeling by employee that at all times he has the respect of his supervisor as a person and as a contributor to the organizational goals. self realization or Actualization needs This upper level need is one which when satisfied provide insights to support hereafter rese arch regarding strategic guidance for organization that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs makes the employee give up the dependance on others or on the environment. He becomes growth oriented, self oriented, directed, detached and creative. This need reflects a state defined in terms of the extent to which an individual attains his personnel goal.This is the need which totally lies within oneself and there is no demand from any orthogonal situation or person. J. S Adams Equity Theory Employee compares her/his job inputs outcome ratio with that of reference. If the employee perceives inequity, she/he will act to reconcile the inequity lower productivity, reduced quality, increased absenteeism, voluntary resignation. Vrooms Expectation Theory Vrooms theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to mathematical process and operation will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964). Reward may be either positive or veto. The more positive the reward the mor e likely the employee will be highly motivated.Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Two Factor Theory Douglas McGregor introduced the theory with the help of two views X assumptions are conservative in style Assumptions are modern in style. X Theory Individuals inherently dislike work. community must be coerced or controlled to do work to achieve the objectives. People select to be directed Y Theory People view work as being as natural as play and rest People will exercise self direction and control towards achieving objectives they are committed to People learn to accept and seek responsibility. 2. 6 Types of Motivation. immanent motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is morally significant. Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a cert ain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades) 2. 7 Incentives An incentive is something which stimulates a person towards some goal. It activates human needs and creates the desire to work. Thus, an incentive is a means of motivation. In organizations, increase in incentive leads to better performance and vice versa. Need for Incentives Man is a wanting animal.He continues to want something or other. He is never fully satisfied. If one need is satisfied, the other need need arises. In order to motivate the employees, the management should try to satisfy their needs. For this purpose, both financial and non financial incentives may be used by the management to motivate the workers. Financial incentives or motivators are those which are associated with money. They include wages and salaries, boot benefits, bonus, retirement benefits etc. Non financial motivators are those which are not associated with monetary rewards. They include intangible incentive s like ego-satisfaction, self-actualization and responsibility. INCENTIVESFinancial Incentives Non-financial incentives recompense and Salaries. Competition Bonus Group recognition Medical reimbursement Job security policy Praise Housing facility familiarity of result Retirement benefits. Workers participation. Suggestion system. Opportunities for growth 2. 8 Motivation is the key to performance improvementThere is an old look you can take a ply to the water but you cannot force it to deglutition it will drink only if its thirsty so with people. They will do what they want to do or other than motivated to do. Whether it is to excel on the store floor or in the off-white tower they must be motivated or driven to it, either by themselves or through external stimulus. are they born with the self-motivation or drive? Yes and no. If no, they can be motivated, for motivation is a skill which can and must be learnt. This is essential for any business to live and suc ceed. Performance is considered to be a function of ability and motivation, thus Job performance =f(ability)(motivation)Ability in turn depends on education, experience and training and its improvement is a slow and long process. On the other hand motivation can be improved quickly. There are many options and an uninitiated manager may not even know where to start. As a guideline, there are broadly sevensome strategies for motivation. There are broadly seven strategies for motivation. Positive reinforcement / high expectations utile discipline and punishment Treating people middling Satisfying employees needs Setting work related goals Restructuring jobs Base rewards on job performance Essentially, there is a breaking between an individuals actual state and some desired state and the manager tries to reduce this gap.Motivation is, in effect, a means to reduce and manipulate this gap. CHAPTER-3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY SCOPE OF THE piece of work The study is intended to evaluate motivation of employees in the organization. A good motivational program procedure is essential to achieve goal of the organization.If efficient motivational programmes of employees are made not only in this particular organization but also any other organization the organizations can achieve the efficiency also to develop a good organizational culture. Motivation has variety of effects. These effects may be seen in the context of an individuals physical and mental health, productivity, absenteeism and turnover. Employee delight has to be managed in more than one way. This helps in retaining and nurturing the true believers who can deliver value to the organization. Proliferating and nurturing the number of true believers 1is the challenge for future and present HR managers. This means debut and creativity. It also means a change in the gear for HR polices and practices.The swift the organizations nurture their employees, the more successful they will be. The challenge be fore HR managers today is to delight their employees and nurture their creativity to keep them a bloom. This study helps the researcher to find the importance of effective employee motivation. This research study examines types and levels of employee motivational programmes and also discusses management ideas that can be utilized to innovate employee motivation. It helps to provide insights to support future research regarding strategic guidance for organizations that are both providing and using reward/recognition programs Objectives of the study aboriginal objective 1.To study the important factors which are needed to motivate the employees. indirect Objective. 1. To study the effect of monetary and non-monetary benefits provided by the organization on the employees performance. 2. To study the effect of job promotions on employees. 3. To learn the employees satisfaction on the social relationship exists in the organization. To provide the practical hint for the improvement o f organizations performance Research methodology. Research is a positive method of finding solutions to problems. It is essentially an investigation, a recording and an abstract of evidence for the purpose of gaining knowledge.According to Clifford woody, research comprises of defining and redefining problem, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions, collecting, organizing and evaluating info, reaching conclusions, testing conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulated hypothesis2 take Design. A consume design is a finite plan for obtaining a savor from a given population. Simple random sample is used for this study. Universe. The universe chooses for the research study is the employees of Hyderabad Industries Ltd. Sample Size. Number of the sampling units selected from the population is called the size of the sample. Sample of 50 respondents were obtained from the population. Sampling Procedure.The procedure adopted in the present study is probability sampling , which is also known as chance sampling. Under this sampling design, every item of the frame has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. Methods of Data Collection. The informations were sedate through Primary and secondary sources. 1. Primary Sources. Primary data are in the form of raw material to which statistical methods are applied for the purpose of analysis and interpretations. The primary sources are discussion with employees, datas collected through questionnaire. 2. Secondary Sources. Secondary datas are in the form of finished products as they have already been treated statistically in some form or other.The secondary data mainly consists of data and information collected from records, company websites and also discussion with the management of the organization. Secondary data was also collected from journals, magazines and books. 3. Nature of Research. descriptive research, also known as statistical research, give aways data and characteristics about the populat ion or phenomenon being studied. Descriptive research answers the questions who, what, where, when and how. Although the data description is factual, accurate and systematic, the research cannot describe what caused a situation. Thus, descriptive research cannot be used to create a causal relationship, where one variable affects another.In other words, descriptive research can be said to have a low requirement for internal validity. 4. Questionnaire. A well defined questionnaire that is used effectively can gather information on both overall performance of the test system as well as information on specific components of the system. A frustrated questionnaire was carefully prepared and specially numbered. The questions were arranged in proper order, in abidance with the relevance. 5. Nature of Questions Asked. The questionnaire consists of open ended, dichotomous, rating and ranking questions. Pre-testing A pre-testing of questionnaire was conducted with 10 questionnaires, which wer e distributed and all of them were collected back as completed questionnaire.On the basis of doubts raised by the respondents the questionnaire was redialed to its present form. Sample A finite subset of population, selected from it with the objective of investigating its properties called a sample. A sample is a representative part of the population. A sample of 50 respondents in total has been randomly selected. The response to various elements under each questions were totaled for the purpose of various statistical testing. Variables of the Study. The direct variable of the study is the employee motivation Indirect variables are the incentives, interpersonal relations, career development opportunities and performance approximation system.